UniLang Italian for Beginners

Italian for Beginners - Part 2

Introduction

In part one of this course you have seen some of the basics of the Italian language. You have seen the present tense of the "essere" , "avere" and all regular verbs, personal and formal pronouns, articles, noun gender and plural nouns, demonstrative and possessive adjectives and pronouns, negation, questions and adjectives and adverbs. In this second part we will expand our knowledge and go deeper into the material.

Part One

Lesson 6: More Pronouns

Before we start our lesson about pronouns you have to learn the present tense of one of the few irregular verb whose infinitive ending is ARE. It's "dare", "to give"

Do	I give
Dai	You give
Dà	He/she/it gives - you give *polite form
Diamo	We give
Date	You give
Danno	They give - you give *polite form

In Lesson One we learned about personal pronouns, we can remember the following list:

Io	I
Tu	You
Lui	He
Lei	She OR you *polite singular form
Noi	We
Voi	You
Loro	They OR you *polite plural form

Note that all of these pronouns appear in the subject position of the sentence:

Io vedo quell'uomo

I see that man

We all know that personal pronouns have a different form when they are in the /object/ position of the sentence. The /object/ is the part of the sentence that is undergoing the action of the verb while the subject is the one initiating the action of the verb. If we would simply move a personal pronoun from subject position to object position, then we would get a wrong sentence, as the following example illustrates:

*I see he

Because "he" appears in object position in this case, we have to change it`s form to "him". Likewise "we" changes to "us", etc. The same principle applies to Italian. We can construct the following table for Italian object pronouns that are similar to the subject ones:

Me	Me
Te	You
Lui	Him
Lei	Her OR you *polite singular form
Noi	Us
Voi	You
Loro	Them OR you *polite plural form

So the example sentence would translate as follows:

Vedo lui

I see him

These are the object pronouns in their strong forms. They usually follow the verb, are used after prepositions and give more importance to the pronoun. There are also weak forms. Here they are:

Mi	Me
Ti	You
Lo	Him
La	Her OR you *polite singular form
Lo/la	It (according with gender)
Ci	Us
Vi	You
Li	Them OR you *polite plural form

The weak forms ALWAYS precede the verb, are NEVER preceded by any prepositions, give less importance to the pronoun and join with the verb at these tenses: participles, gerund, infinitive and imperative. So the sentence would change as follows:

Lo vedo

I see him

We can distinguish another grammaticality pronouns can appear in, the so-called indirect object. An indirect object is the /receiver /of the action. Consider the following:

Io do un regalo a Davide

I give a present to David

You will note that Davide is obviously the receiver in this example, and therefore it is the indirect object, that is always preceded by the preposition "a" in Italian. "a" is simply the preposition "to". In fact, the English can also be written like this:

I give David a present

But in Italian, such constructions as the English ones don't exist (you always have to put the preposition), even if you can move the objects order. It means that you can also write:

Io do a Davide un regalo

I give David a present

We've already said that after preposition ("a", in this case) you have to use pronouns in their strong forms. And thus we can replace "Davide" with a pronoun, obtaining the following result:

Io do a lui un regalo

I give him a present

There are also weak forms of the indirect object, which always come before the main verb. They're:

Mi	Me
Ti	You
Gli	Him
Le	Her OR you *polite singular form
Gli/le	It (according with gender)
Ci	Us
Vi	You
Gli	Them OR you *polite plural form

We can even construct double pronouns now:

Do una donna a Davide	I give David a woman
Do una donna a lui	I give him a woman
Do lei a lui	I give her to him
La do a lui	I give her to him
Gli do lei	I give her to him

Pay attention: when you want to construct double pronouns both in their weak forms, there are some irregularities. First of all, you have to know that the weak indirect object pronouns ALWAYS precede the weak direct object pronouns; then you have to know that the indirect pronouns change. Here they are:

Me	Me
Te	You
Glie	Him
Glie	Her OR you *polite singular form
Glie	It
Ce	Us
Ve	You
Glie	Them OR you *polite plural form

You have to know something else: the pronoun "Glie" joins directly with the weak direct pronouns "lo", "la", "li", "le". So the sentence can also be translated as follows:

Gliela do

I give her to him

Vocabulary

dare	to give
il regalo	the preset

Exercises

Exercise A: Translate to English:
1) Do il regalo grande a un uomo simpatico.
2) Lui mi dà una bicicletta nuova.
3) Li vediamo bene.
4) Che cosa mangia lei?
5) Perché camminano velocemente?
6) Non la vedi.
7) Glielo diamo
8) Non lo vedono.
9) È buono.

Exercise B: Translate to Italian:
1) I see her.
2) Her dog sees me well.
3) You give me a present.
4) They see it.
5) What does she give him?
6) Why don't you see it?
7) They give me her.

Solutions

Solution of Exercise A:
1) I give a nice man the big present.
2) He gives me a new bike.
3) We see them well.
4) What does she eat?
5) Why do they walk fast?
6) You don't see her/it.
7) We give it to them.
8) They don't see him/it.
9) He/It is good.

Solution of Exercise B:
1) La vedo.
2) Il suo cane mi vede bene.
3) Mi dai un regalo.
4) Lo/la vedono.
5) Che cosa gli dà?
6) Perché non lo/la vedi?
7) Me la danno.

Lesson 7: Prepositions

Until now we've managed to stay away from prepositions. But the time has come to discuss this issue, because prepositions are such a vital part of a language and it's hard to build a sentence without them. Prepositions are those little words that mark places in space or time. The prepositions are best explained when envision a birdcage and a bird, and the ways they relate to each other: the bird can be *in* the cage. ("in" being a preposition), but it can also be *on top of* the cage, *under* the cage, it can fly *through* the cage. Or fly *out of* the cage. It can be stuck *between* two cages or it can take a nap *in front of* the cage. You see that there are lot more possibilities! All those bold-faced words are prepositions.

Prepositions are quite abstract and therefore different languages have entirely different prepositions. There is not a simple one-to-one relation between pronouns in different languages so they will have to be discussed separately. There are 9 main prepositions and we're going to analyze them all:

DI, A, DA, IN, CON, SU, PER, TRA, FRA
"Di" means "of", indicating possession, or "from" (to be from)
La casa di Davide	Davide's house OR The house of Davide
Davide è di Foggia	Davide is from Foggia
"A" means "to" (indirect object and movement) or "in", indicating location (cities and places)
Lo do a te	I give it to you
Vado a casa/Foggia	I go home/to Foggia
Sono a casa/Foggia	I'm at home/in Foggia
"Da" means "since", "from" (to come from), "by" (passive) and it's used with location referring to people
Vivo a Foggia da 16 anni	I've lived in Foggia for 16 years
Vengo da Foggia	I come from Foggia
Questo corso è stato fatto da Davide	This course was made by Davide
Sono da Davide	I'm at Davide's
"In" usually means "in"
Vivo in una bella città	I live in a beautiful city.
"Con" means "with"
Sono con te	I'm with you
"Su" means "on(to)"
Il cane è sul tavolo	The dog's on the table
"Per" usually means "for"
Questo regalo è per te	This present is for Davide
"Tra" and "fra" mean "between" or "in" followed by a time expression.**
Sono tra il tavolo e la sedia	I'm between the table and the chair
Vengo a casa tra due minuti	I'd come home in two minutes

When you use a personal pronoun after a preposition, you have to use the pronouns in their strong forms.

Moreover, some preposition join with the determinative article. Here are the contacted prepositions:

	CONTRACTED PREPOSITIONS
	il	lo	la	i	gli	le	l'
di	del	dello	della	dei	degli	delle	dell'
a	al	allo	alla	ai	agli	alle	all'
da	dal	dallo	dalla	dai	dagli	dalle	dall'
in	nel	nello	nella	nei	negli	nelle	nell'
/su	sul	sullo	sulla	sui	sugli	sulle	sull'

Here are some of the so-called "improper prepositions" which may be useful to you:

Sono davanti a te	I'm in front of you
Sono dietro di te	I'm behind you
Sono prima di te	I'm before you
Sono dopo di te	I'm after you
Il pub è aperto fino a mezzanotte	The pub's open until midnight
Come vivo senza te?	How shall I live without you?

We have now shown you the most common prepositions; try to practice a lot with them because that's the best way to learn them. The last thing you're going to learn is the subject and object relative pronoun. In English it is "that", or sometimes also "who" and "which", and you always translate it as "che" in Italian. Though "that" can be omitted, "che" never can. Here are some examples.

Vedo che corri	I see (that) you run
Il cane che vede	The dog that/which sees
L'uomo che vedo	The man (that/who) I see

In this lesson we've used two movement verbs many times: "andare", "to go", that is one of the 4 irregular verb ending in ARE and "venire (da)", "to come (from)" which is irregular, too. One last thing: the determinative article usually precedes names of countries. Here's the conjugation of the 2 verbs.

Vado	I go	Vengo	I come
Vai	You go	Vieni	You come
Va	He/she/it goes - you go	Viene	He/she/it comes - you go
Andiamo	We go	Veniamo	We come
Andate	You go	Venite	You come
Vanno	They go - you go	Vengono	They come - you go

Vocabulary

o	or
perché	because
ma	but
sebbene	although
a meno che	unless
mentre	while
quando	when
affinché	so that
anche	also/too
già	already
ancora	still
solo	only/just
adesso	now
la città	the city
la moglie	the wife

Exercises

Exercise A: Translate to English:
1) Anche lui viene dall'Italia.
2) Vedo che mi vedi.
3) Sono già nella mia casa.
4) Vado a Foggia con mio padre perché è una bella città.
5) Vedo un uomo vecchio che corre a casa.
6) La sedia che vedo non è grande.
7) Cammino davanti alla casa.
8) Vedo l'edificio dopo di te.
9) Vedo solo un uomo con un cane che cammina davanti alla mia nuova casa.
10) Ho una sedia per questo cane.

Exercise B: Translate to Italian:
1) Do you see that man with his woman?
2) I go to that city because I can (posso) see my new house.
3) My father's house (house of my father) is big although he is a small man.
4) I go to school with my father.
5) He has a cat, but he wants (vuole) to have a dog.
6) They see what is new.
7) She goes when he goes to the house.

Solutions

Solution of Exercise A:
1) He also comes from Italy.
2) I see that you see me.
3) I am already in my house.
4) I go to Foggia with my father because it is a beautiful city.
5) I see an old man who runs to the house.
6) The chair that I see is not big.
7) I walk in front of the house.
8) I see the building after you.
9) I only see a man with a dog who walks in front of my new house.
10) I have a chair for this dog.

Solution of Exercise B:
1) Vedi quell'uomo con sua moglie?
2) Vado a quella città perché è posso vedere la mia nuova casa.
3) La casa di mio padre è grande sebbene lui è un uomo piccolo.
4) Vado a scuola con mio padre.
5) Ha un gatto ma vuole avere un cane.
6) Vedono che cosa è nuovo.
7) Lei va quando lui va alla casa.

Lesson 8 - Verb Tenses

Our knowledge of Italian is already improving gradually! It is time we now move on from present tense and discuss other verb tenses verb tenses as well. Italian is, like all romance languages, rich of verb tenses. We will start with the past tense that may have three translations in Italian.

Let's see first the most used one: the present perfect. In fact, this Italian tense doesn't have the same English meaning. It usually corresponds to the English simple past. This tense is built with the present tense of an auxiliary verb ("essere" or "avere") followed by the past participle. Though in English you always use the verb "to have", in Italian it's different.

You have to use "essere" as helper with most intransitive verbs (there's no "who?/what?" question) and impersonal or reflexive verbs. For transitive verbs and the other verbs you will use "avere". However you should check better when you're not sure about that. The past participle of a regular verb is built by ending ("-ato", "-uto", "-ito") that you will see in the conjugation of these verbs.

AMARE

TO LOVE

CREDERE

TO BELIEVE

SENTIRE

TO HEAR

ato

I've loved

cred

uto

I've believed

sent

ito

I've heard

hai

ato

you've loved

hai

cred

uto

you've believed

hai

sent

ito

you've heard

ato

he has loved

cred

uto

he has believed

sent

ito

he has heard

abbiamo

ato

we've loved

abbiamo

cred

uto

we've believed

abbiamo

sent

ito

we've heard

avete

ato

you've loved

avete

cred

uto

you've believed

avete

sent

ito

you've heard

hanno

ato

they've loved

hanno

cred

uto

they've believed

hanno

sent

ito

they've heard

There's another verb tense similar to present perfect that is always less used but it's still alive in Sicily and some southern regions of Italy. It's the remote past tense that uses specific endings. Here they are:

Remote past tense

AMARE		TO LOVE	CREDERE		TO BELIEVE	SENTIRE		TO HEAR
am	ai	I loved	cred	etti	I believed	sent	ii	I heard
am	asti	you loved	cred	esti	you believed	sent	isti	you heard
am	ò	he/she/it loved	cred	ette	he/she/it believed	sent	ì	he/she/it heard
am	ammo	we loved	cred	emmo	we believed	sent	immo	we heard
am	aste	you loved	cred	este	you believed	sent	iste	you heard
am	arono	they loved	cred	ettero	they believed	sent	irono	they heard

The last past tense, the imperfect tense, is rather particular because it doesn't correspond much to the English one. While we used translations like "We spoke", it is often also possible to translate using "We used to speak" or "We were speaking". First, let's see what the endings of this tense are:

Imperfect Tense

AMARE		TO LOVE	CREDERE		TO BELIEVE	SENTIRE		TO HEAR
am	avo	I loved	cred	evo	I believed	sent	ivo	I heard
am	avi	you loved	cred	evi	you believed	sent	ivi	you heard
am	ava	he/she/it loved	cred	eva	he/she/it believed	sent	iva	he/she/it heard
am	avamo	we loved	cred	evamo	we believed	sent	ivamo	we heard
am	avate	you loved	cred	evate	you believed	sent	ivate	you heard
am	avano	they loved	cred	evano	they believed	sent	ivano	they heard

We will now highlight some of the differences between the imperfect and the other two tenses and when to use which one. A certain adverb that appears in the sentence might give a good clue about what past tense to use. Adverbs like "sempre" ("always"),"spesso" ("often"),"a volte" ("sometimes") all ask for an imperfect tense because of their repetitive and unspecific nature. Adverbs like "ieri" ("yesterday"), "oggi" ("today") and "allora" ("then") all ask for a remote past tense or the present perfect since they point to a specific point in time that is already over completely. Also in sentences where you mention a specific begin and end-point or a duration you would use the remote past tense or the present perfect tense, as in "I walked for three hours".

The past perfect tense is almost the same; the only difference is that the auxiliary verbs "essere" or "avere" are conjugated in the past tense (usually imperfect, or remote past), just like in English ("have" vs "had"). Consider the following table:

AMARE

TO LOVE

CREDERE

TO BELIEVE

SENTIRE

TO HEAR

avevo

ato

I've loved

avevo

cred

uto

I've believed

avevo

sent

ito

I've heard

avevi

ato

you've loved

avevi

cred

uto

you've believed

avevi

sent

ito

you've heard

aveva

ato

he has loved

aveva

cred

uto

he has believed

aveva

sent

ito

he has heard

avevamo

ato

we've loved

avevamo

cred

uto

we've believed

avevamo

sent

ito

we've heard

avevate

ato

you've loved

avevate

cred

uto

you've believed

avevate

sent

ito

you've heard

avevano

ato

they've loved

avevano

cred

uto

they've believed

avevano

sent

ito

they've heard

Future tense

Now we've covered some quite difficult material it's time for something easy, and fortunately Italian future tense is just that. In English future tense can be made by "going to" plus the infinitive form of the verb in question (the full unconjugated form). In Italian you form it by using a form of the verb "stare" ("to stay"), the preposition "per" and the infinitive verb or by a form of the verb "avere" plus "intenzione di" and the infinitive verb. This will generate phrases like:

Sto per mangiare	I'm going to eat
Ho intenzione di mangiare	I'm going to eat

"Stare" is a very important verb in Italian because it helps forming the progressive forms of a verb. It's not irregular in the present tense, but the 2^nd singular form is "stai" instead o sti. The more common form of creating a future tense in English is by using the auxiliary verb "will", plus the infinitive. In Italian no auxiliary verb is needed. Consider the following table for our three groups of regular verbs; the infinitive verb acts as stem in these examples, resulting in the same conjugation pattern for all three groups:

AMARE		TO LOVE	CREDERE		TO BELIEVE	SENTIRE		TO HEAR
am	erò	I'll love	cred	erò	I'll believe	sent	irò	I'll hear
am	erai	you'll love	cred	erai	you'll believe	sent	irai	you'll hear
am	erà	he'll love	cred	erà	he'll believe	sent	irà	he'll hear
am	eremo	we'll love	cred	eremo	we'll believe	sent	iremo	we'll hear
am	erete	you'll love	cred	erete	you'll believe	sent	irete	you'll hear
am	eranno	they'll love	cred	eranno	they'll believe	sent	iranno	they'll hear

Conditional tense

Strongly related to the future tense it the conditional tense, where instead of "will", the past tense "would" is being used. In Italian, a different but related conjugation pattern is being used as the following table illustrates:

AMARE		TO LOVE	CREDERE		TO BELIEVE	SENTIRE		TO HEAR
am	erei	I'd love	cred	erei	I'd believe	sent	irei	I'd hear
am	eresti	you'd love	cred	eresti	you'd believe	sent	iresti	you'd hear
am	erebbe	he'd love	cred	erebbe	he'd believe	sent	irebbe	he'd hear
am	eremmo	we'd love	cred	eremmo	we'd believe	sent	iremmo	we'd hear
am	ereste	you'd love	cred	ereste	you'd believe	sent	ireste	you'd hear
am	erebbero	they'd love	cred	erebbero	they'd believe	sent	irebbero	they'd hear

Well, that's enough material for this lesson. We have discussed some very important aspects of Italian grammar, not all as easy and obvious.

Vocabulary

Below we will quickly show the irregularities in the verbs we have seen in past lessons:

Essere - Present perfect: sono stato, sei stato, è stato...
Essere - Remote past: fui, fosti, fu, fummo, foste, furono
Essere - Imperfect: ero, eri, era, eravamo, eravate, erano
Avere - Remote past: ebbi, avesti, ebbe, avemmo, aveste, ebbero
Dare - Remote past: diedi, desti, diede, demmo, deste, diedero
Venire - Present perfect: sono venuto, sei venuto, è venuto...
Venire - Remote past: venni, venisti, venne, venimmo, veniste, vennero
Stare - Remote past: stetti, stesti, stette, stemmo, steste, stettero
Vivere - Conditional: vivrei, vivresti, vivrebbe, vivremmo, vivreste, vivrebbero

There are other irregularities we won't show...

Exercises

Exercise A: Translate to English:
1) Ho parlato all'uomo che hai visto (participle of "vedere") anche tu.
2) Parlavo spesso.
3) Vivrei con te.
4) Ho avuto un cane che camminava sempre verso la casa.
5) Avevamo visto il cane.
6) Mangiai dopo essere andato a casa.

Exercise B: Translate to Italian:
1) He is going to go to the house.
2) He will eat us.
3) We often gave him a present.
4) I see her because you see her too.
5) I will speak to my father.
6) They would live in the house.

Solutions

Solution of Exercise A:
1) I spoke to the man who you have seen as well.
2) I spoke often.
3) I would live with you.
4) I had a dog that always walked to (verso) the house.
5) We had seen the dog.
6) I ate after I had gone (having gone) to the house.

Solution of Exercise B:
1) Sta per andare alla casa/Ha intenzione di andare alla casa.
2) Ci mangerà.
3) Gli davamo spesso un regalo.
4) La vedo perché la vedi anche tu.
5) Parlerò a mio padre.
6) Vivrebbero nella casa.

Lesson 9: Reflexive Verbs, Gerund, and Degrees of Comparison

In our previous lesson we have obtained a lot of information about Italian verbs, however we have not yet found the time to discuss reflexive verbs that we will do now.

Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive verbs are accompanied by a so-called reflexive pronoun, the following table illustrates the reflexive verb "to wash oneself" and the Italian equivalent "lavarsi" ("lavare", "wash", + "si", "self").

Mi lavo	I wash myself
Ti lavi	You wash yourself
Si lava	He washes himself - you wash yourself *polite form
Ci laviamo	We wash ourselves
Vi lavate	You wash yourselves
Si lavano	They wash themselves - you...*polite form

Gerunds

In English, we are all familiar with the continuous tense, better known as the "-ing" tense. In Italian you will find this less, but it does exist. While in English we use "to be" + "-ing", the Italian use "stare" + "-ndo", the gerund. You construct the gerund of a regular verb by taking the present tense stem and adding "-ando" for -ARE verbs, or "-endo" for -ERE and -IRE verbs. Consider the following example:

Sto parlando	I'm speaking
Stai parlando	You're speaking
Sta parlando	He's speaking - you're speaking *polite form
Stiamo parlando	We're speaking
State parlando	You're speaking
Stanno parlando	They're speaking - you're speaking *polite form

Degrees of Comparison

Adjectives and adverbs can be modified according to degrees of comparison to their meaning BIGGER or BIGGEST. In English we obtain groups of three like: "late - later - latest". In Italian you do it by adding "più" ("more") or "il/la più" ("most"). So "big - bigger - biggest" becomes "grande - più grande - il/la più grande".

When used adjectively, it will look like this:

La casa grande	The big house
La mia casa è più grande della tua	My house is bigger than yours
La tua casa è meno grande della mia	Your house is less big than mine
Quindi la casa più grande è la mia	Then the biggest house is mine

Like the example illustrates, you can also use the opposite of "più", which is "meno", meaning "less". You translate "than" with "di"

Now we will take a look at comparisons of equality.

La mia casa è tanto grande quanto la tua	My house is as big as yours
La tua casa non è così grande quanto la mia	Your house isn't so big as mine

In the first example, you translate "as...as..." with "tanto...quanto...". In the second one "not so... as" is translated with "non così...quanto...".

One last thing: in Italian there's another way to say "very...": it's built by adding ISSIMO at the adjective as ending.

La tua casa è grande. La mia è grandissima.	Your house is big. Mine is extremely big
Corre velocissimamente	He runs very fast.

No Exercises

Lesson 10: Filling the Gaps

In this lesson we will discuss some small issues we haven't gotten around yet. You will see things you might have wanted to know all along.

Counting

0	zero
1	uno
2	due
3	tre
4	quattro
5	cinque
6	sei
7	sette
8	otto
9	nove
10	dieci
11	undici
12	dodici
13	tredici
14	quattordici
15	quindici
16	sedici
17	diciassette
18	diciotto
19	diciannove
20	venti
21	ventuno
22	ventidue
23	ventitré
30	trenta
40	quaranta
50	cinquanta
60	sessanta
70	settanta
80	ottanta
90	novanta
100	cento
101	centouno
153	centocinquantatrè
200	duecento
1000	mille
10000	diecimila
100000	centomila
1000000	un milione

Days of the week

lunedì	Monday
martedì	Tuesday
mercoledì	Wednesday
giovedì	Thursday
venerdì	Friday
sabato	Saturday
domenica	Sunday

Unlike in English, the days of the week do not receive a capital first letter. All days of the week are masculine, except "domenica". A preposition is often not necessary; sometimes you may use the article:

Vengo lunedì

I'd come on Monday

The months of the year

gennaio	January
febbraio	February
marzo	March
aprile	April
maggio	May
giugno	June
luglio	July
agosto	August
settembre	September
ottobre	October
novembre	November
dicembre	December

Like the days of the week, the months of the year are never capitalized. The preposition used to point at a month is "in", just like in English.

Imperative

There is still a verb tense we haven't discussed yet, the so-called imperative tense/mood. This is used to give commands. There are however different forms for the positive and negative expressions, see the table for each of the three groups of regular verbs:

	AMARE	TO LOVE	CREDERE	TO BELIEVE	SENTIRE	TO HEAR
Singular	ama!	love!	credi!	believe!	senti!	hear!
Sing. Neg.	non amare!	don't love!	non credere!	don't believe!	non sentire!	don't hear!
Plural	amate!	love!	credete!	believe!	sentite!	hear!
Plur. Neg.	non amate!	don't love!	non credete!	don't believe!	non sentite!	don't hear!

As you can see, the imperative is rather similar to present tense. Remember that the negative form of imperative in singular form is done by "non" + infinitive. We can also form this into a "Let`s ..." expression:

AMARE	TO LOVE	CREDERE	TO BELIEVE	SENTIRE	TO HEAR
amiamo!	love!	crediamo!	believe!	sentiamo!	hear!
non amiamo!	don't love!	non crediamo!	don't believe!	non sentiamo!	don't hear!

Weak personal pronouns join with positive imperative mood. Have a look at this:

Daglielo! Give it to him!

Correlatives

Below you will see a very extensive scheme that will show you words like "somebody".

	Unspecific	Interrogative	Specific	All-inclusive	All-exclusive
Quality	Some/any kind of Qualche tipo di	What kind of? Che tipo di?	That kind of, such a Quel tipo di	Every kind of, all kinds of Tutti i tipi di	No kind of Nessun tipo di
Reason	For some reason Per qualche motivo	Why? Perché?	Therefore, so Perciò	For every reason Per ogni motivo	For no reason Per nessun motivo
Time	Sometime, anytime, ever A volte	When? Quando?	Then Allora	Always Sempre	Never Mai
Location	Somewhere,anywhere Da qualche parte	Where? Dove?	There Lì	Everywhere Ovunque	Nowhere Da nessuna parte
Direction	Somewhere, anywhere Da qualche parte	Where to? Dove?	[to] there Lì	[to] everywhere Ovunque	[to] nowhere Da nessuna parte
Manner	Somehow,anyhow In qualche modo	How? Come?	Like that, so Così	In every way In ogni modo, comunque	In no way In nessun modo
Possession	Someone`s, anyone`s Di qualcuno	Whose? Di chi?	That one's, his, hers, theirs Suo, loro	Everybody's, everyone's Di tutti	Nobody's Di nessuno
Object	Something, anything Qualcosa	What? Che cosa?	That Quello	Everything Tutto	Nothing Niente, nulla
Quantity	Some Un po'	How much?, How many? Quanto?	That/so much, That/so many Tanto	All [of it] Tutto	None [of it] Niente
Person	Somebody, anybody Qualcuno	Who? Chi?	That one, he,she,they Quello, lui, lei, loro	Everybody, everyone Tutti	Nobody Nessuno
Adjective	Some,any Del	which?,what? Quale?	That Quello	Every, each Ogni	None,no Nessuno

No Exercises

End Of Part Two

This is the end of part two. Now you've learned some of the basics of the Italian language. In the future we might create a part three of this course but for now this is all. However, we do have a lot more information on Italian grammar available for you on the UniLang site! And now you know some basics you will probably manage to learn more with other aids. Thanks for your interest in this course! If you discovered any mistakes or you just want to say something then please let us know.

We do need feedback! So contact us if you discover any mistakes or have questions or just want to point something out!

To Part 1