UniLang Danish for Beginners

Danish for Beginners

Danish is a Germanic language and closely related to Norwegian and Swedish.

Part One - The Basics

Lesson 1: The Alphabet

The most difficult thing about it is probably the pronunciation, esp. the sound of the soft "d" [ð].

We will start with a pronunciation guide, which should help you to decode spoken Danish, but as many letters can be pronounced in several ways, you will learn pronunciation along with vocabulary.

The Danish alphabet is
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z æ ø å

Letter/s	Sound
a	either like short or long "a" as in Italian/Spanish/German or as short or long "a" in English "bad"
ag	in front of a consonant like "ou" in "about" or "au" in German in front of a vowel or at the end of the word like "a" in "bad"
af	like "ou" in "about", in the word "af" "f" is not pronounced
av	like "ou" in "about"
c	in front of e, i, y, æ, ø like a hard "s", in front of u, o, å like "k"
ch	like "sj" in German or "sy" in English
d	like a normal unvoiced "d" in the beginning of a word, in loan words also in the middle of words (ex. "modern") otherwise like [ð]" This sound is in the middle of a soft "th" and "l"" Try to put you tongue in "th" position between your teeth and say "l"" Often "d" is not pronounced as in Norwegian, ex. in "ds", "dt", "nd", "ld" and "rd"
e	often like "[aw]
eg	[ai]
ej	[ai]
eu, ev	[eu]
g	in the beginning of a word, in front of "t" or at the end of a word (NOT included adjectives) like a normal "g" often soundless or like German "j"/English "y"
h	soundless in "hv", "hj"
ig	[ai], in Adjective endings [i] (ex. venlig = ['ven-li])
iv	[iu]
p, t, k	in the middle or at the end of words like [b], [d], [g], respectively
r	[R] as in German/French, after vowels often almost soundless, as in German "sehr"
v	[v], like "w" in German
y	[y], like "ü in German
yv	[yu]
sc	like sharp s
x	like sharp s (occurs only in loanwords)
z	like sharp s (occurs only in loanwords)
æ	like "a" in "bad", German "ä"
ø	like German "ö"
å	if short like an open "o", if long like a closed "o"

As you have seen, has Danish many dipthongs.

Lesson 2: Singular and Regular Verb Conjugation in present tense, Articles, Greetings

Let's have a look now at a little conversation between Morten and Peter, who meet in the cafeteria on their first day at university. All Danish text will be written in blue and the English translation in green.

Tekst 1	Translation
M: Hej! Jeg hedder Morten. Hvad hedder du?	M: Hi! I am Morton. What is your name?
P: Hej, jeg hedder Peter. Hvordan går det?	P: Hi, my name is Peter. How are you?
M: Tak, det går fint, hvad med dig?	M: Thanks, I am fine, what about you?
P: Jeg har det også fint, tak.	P: I am also fine, thanks.
M: Hvad læser du til?	M: What are you studying (to)?
P: Jeg læser til ingenieur, hvad med dig?	P: I am studying (to be) engineer, what about you?
M: Jeg læser sprog, engelsk og tysk.	M: I am studying languages, English and German.
P: Skal vi gå hen og hente noget at spise?	P: Shall we go and get something to eat?
M: God idé, jeg er meget sulten.	M: Good idea, I am very hungry.

The basic word order in Danish is SPO in main clauses. In Subordinate clauses there is a lot of inversion. Danish verb conjugation is very simple. The basic form is ex. at hente = to get. To form the present tense you just add a "r" at the end and you get "henter". This conjugated form is the same for all pronouns:

jeg elsker	I love	Of course there are also exceptions, of which you already know 3: to be = at være, present form "er" to have = have, present form "har" to shall = skulle, present form "skal"
du elsker	you love
han elsker	he loves
hun elsker	she loves
det elsker	it loves
vi elsker	we love
i elsker	you love
de elsker	they love

There is now the concept of noun gender, a concept not known in English but is in almost every other language. In most other languages a noun has a certain gender. So you're telling me a noun can be a boy or a girl? Indeed...that's what we're saying. A noun has a certain gender in Danish (and many other Germanic languages). Danish just has two genders: utrum/fælleskøn (common gender) and neutrum (neuter gender).

The indefinite article for the neuter words is et. Et hus = a house, et sprog = a language.

The article for the common gender words is en. En bog = a book, en stol = a chair.

The definite article is built when you put the "et" or "en" at the end of the word. That makes "huset" = the house, "sproget" = the language, "bogen" = the book and "stolen" = the chair.

If you want an adjective in front of a definite noun, you use det/den (neuter or common gender).

Det smukke hus	The beautiful house
Den spændende bog	The exciting book

The adjectives get an "e" in the end and if they end on a short vowel+consonant it gets doubled: smuk - smukke but: stor - store. But we will cover this in another unit.

Vocabulary
Some more words:

smuk	beautiful
hej	hi
jeg	I
hedde	to be called
hvad	what
du	you
hvordan	how
gå	to go
det	it
tak	thanks
fin	fine, good
med	with
dig	you (obj.)
har (have)	has/have (to have)
også	also
læse	to study/read
til	to
ingenieur	engineer
sprog	language/s
engelsk	English
tysk	German
skal (skulle)	shall (to shall)
vi	we
hen	there/to (German=hin)
og	and
hente	to get
at	to
spise	to eat
idé	idea
meget	very, much
sulten	hungry
et bord	table
et værelse	room
at bo	to live (somewhere)
at drikke	to drink
at arbejde	to work
et universitet	university
på universitetet	at university
at kunne godt lide	to like
kunne (jeg kan)	to can
Jeg kan godt lide at læse bøger.	I like reading books
at lave mad (lit.: to make food)	to cook
en ven (plural: venner)	friend
at møde	to meet
i	in
en by	city
en lilleby	village
stor	big
lille (plural små)	small
sød	nice (person)

Exercises

Exercise A: Translate to Danish:
Now try to translate these sentences, or create new ones with the words above.
1) I am hungry.
2) I read a book.
3) I read the book.
4) We are called Morton and Peter.
5) How are you?
6) They are fine.
7) He studies languages.
8) Her name is Ingelise.
9) We shall eat.

Solutions

Solution of Exercise A
1) Jeg er sulten.
2) Jeg læser en bog.
3) Jeg læser bogen.
4) Vi hedder Morten og Peter.
5) Hvordan går det?
6) De har det fint.
7) Han læser sprog.
8) Hun hedder Ingelise.
9) Vi skal spise.

Lesson 3: Plurals, Adjectives

Text 2
Sønderborg er en lille by i Sønderjylland. Den er ikke særlig stor, men hyggelig. I en gade i Sønderborg står der et stort, gammelt, rødt hus. Der bor Morten sammen med sin gode ven Thomas. De to er flyttet ind i lejligheden i august, lige før det nye semester begyndte. I deres hus bor der også nogle andre personer. På den første etage bor der en matematiklærer med sin kone og deres to småbørn. Påanden etage bor en gammel dame, der engang har arbejdet som frisør. Hun er meget sød og har tit besøg af hendes børnebørn. De kommer gerne forbi hos hende for at høre spændende historier fra den tid mormor var ung og for at fånoget af hendes lækre kage.

Morten og Thomas har en hyggelig lejlighed. I køkkenet står der et bord og fire stole. Der sidder de tit sammen med deres venner og spiser. Morten er nemlig meget godt til at lave mad. Thomas kan det ikke så godt, så vasker han alltid op.

Translation
Sønderborg is a small town in South Jytland. It is not so big but cosy. In one street in Sønderborg stands a big, red, old house. There lives Morten together with his good friend Thomas. The two moved into the flat in August, just before the new term started. In their house live some other people also. In the first story lives a math teacher together with his wife and his two small kids. In the second story lives an elderly lady, who once worked as hairdresser. She is very nice and has visits from her grandchildren often. They like to come around to her's to hear exciting stories from the time granny was young and to get some of her delicious cake.

Thomas and Morton have a cosy flat. In the kitchen stands a table and four chairs. There they often sit with their friends and eat, since Morten is a good cook. Thomas isn't, so he always cleans the dishes.

In this unit you will learn more about adjectives. You should have noticed that they don't always appear in the basic form.

The ways to use them are:

et stort hus en gammel dame en søde pige et billigt bord	a big house an old lady a nice girl a cheap table	The adjectives gets a -t at the end if the noun is neutrum, if it is common gender the adjective remains in its basic form.
det store bord den gamle dame den søde pige det billige bord	the big table the old lady the nice girl the cheap table	All adjectives get inflected the same way: they all get an -e in the end. some adjectives change: gammel-gamle sikker-sikre etc.
Bordet er stort. Damen er gammel. Pigen er sød. Bordet er billigt.	The table is big. The lady is old. The girl is nice. The table is cheap.	The adjectives who refer to a neuter noun get a -t. The others don't get inflected.
den tyske pige det engelske flag Bordet er tysk.	the German girl the English flag The table is German.	These adjectives cannot take a -t in the end. They only get inflected this way.
de engelske flag de søde piger	the English flags the nice girls	The plural definite article is "de".
Husene er store. Pigerne er tyske. lækre kager hyggelige byer	The houses are big. The girls are German. delicious cakes cosy cities	If the nouns are plural, the adjectives just get an - e no matter where they stand.

Nouns

Plural indefinite
There are different ways to form plural. Most words just get an -r in the end: kage-kager
lejlighed-lejligheder
værelse-værelser
gryde-gryder
vindue-vinduer
etc.

Some short words just get an -e:
hus-huse
blad-blade
stol-stole

There are also some words that don't change in plural:
sprog-sprog
bord-bord
frø-frø

Like in German many words change their vowels to umlauts and/or double consonants:
bog-bøger
hånd-hænder
barn-børn
fod-fødder

Nouns that end on -er, -el change also: søster-søstre
broder-brødre
mandel-mandler
nudel-nudler

Plural definite
To form a definite plural -ne or -ene (if it ends on a vowel) is added to the indefinite plural form:
søstrene
bøgerne
børnene
sprogene
husene

Vocabulary

lille	small
særlig	specially
hyggelig	cosy
men	but
en gade	street
at stå	to stand
gammel	old
rød	red
et hus	house
der	there
sammen	together
sin	his
en ven	friend
de	the, plural
at flytte ind	to move in
en lejlighed	flat
lige	just
før	before
ny	new
et semester	term
at begynde	to start
deres	their
nogle	some
anden (pl:andre)	other, second
først	first
en etage	story
en lærer	teacher
en kone	wife
to	two
lille (pl:små)	little
en dame	lady
en frisør	hairdresser
engang	once
at arbejde	to work
meget	very
sød	sweet, friendly, nice
tit	often
et besøg	visit
et barnebarn (pl:børnebørn)	grandchild
at komme	to come
gerne	with pleasure
forbi	around
hos	at ... place
for at	to
at høre	to listen,hear
spændende	exciting
en historie	story, history
fra	from
tid	time
en mormor	grandmother (mother of mother)
var	was
ung	young
at få	to get
lækker	yummy, tasting good
en kage	cake
et køkken	kitchen
et bord	table
at sidde	to sit
nemlig	since, as
at vaske op	to wash the dishes
så	so

End Of Part One

This is the end of part one.

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