LANGUAGES MADE CLEAR GRAMMAR REFERENCE THE FOUR LATIN LANGUAGES -------------------------------------- LOS CUATRO IDIOMAS LATINOS AS QUATRA LINGUAS LATINAS LE QUATTRE LINGUE LATINE LES QUATRE LANGUES LATINES -------------------------------------- Español (ES) Spanish Português (PT) Portuguese Italiano (IT) Italian Français (FR) French -------------------------------------- Languages Made Clear & UniLang lmc http://unilang.cjb.net -------------------------------------- Made by Maarten van Gompel proycon@languagesmadeclear.cjb.net proycon@unilang.cjb.net -------------------------------------- December 10, 2000 - December 29, 2000 Partially Revised: February, 2003 ATTENTION!: SET YOUR BROWSER´S ENCODING TO UNICODE (UTF-8) TO VIEW ACCENTED CHARACTERS CORRECTLY IN THIS DOCUMENT! Abbreviations used in this document: m = masculine, f = feminine, n = neuter/unknown, s = singular, p = plural F = Formal,[cons.]=consonant,[c] = consonant,[v] = vowel,! = must be stressed . = must be unstressed ------------ INTRODUCTION ------------ This document provides you with a detailed grammar reference of the four most important latin languages: Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French. This is quite a technical document and most grammar constructions are represented in compact schemes. However, anyone who has a clear understanding of grammar in general should be able to use this document. It can be used both as to study one of the four latin languages as well as to read a reference. For a content listing look at the end of this document... ------- LICENSE ------- Feel free to use this information for any NON-COMMERCIAL purpouse... Don't remove any credits or license information in further development or presentation. I'd also appreciate if you send me a copy if you modify this document. However there's no guarantee that all information in this document is correct. This document comes with no guarantees whatsoever..Please be so kind to report any errors to proycon@languagesmadeclear.cjb.net so they can be removed in future editions. ----------------- PERSONAL PRONOUNS ----------------- SUBJECT PRONOUNS ---------------- ES PT IT FR 1s yo eu io je 2s tú tu tu tu 3ms él ele lui il 3fs ella ela lei elle 3ns ello 3sF usted você Lei vous 1p nosotros nós noi nous p vosotros vós voi vous 3mp ellos eles loro ils 3fp ellas elas loro elles 3pF ustedes vocês Loro vous OBJECT PRONOUNS ---------------- ES PT IT FR 1s me me mi me 2s te te ti te 3ms le o lo le 3fs la a la la 3ns lo 3sF le/la/lo o/a La vous 1p nos nos ci nous 2p os vos vi vous 3mp les os li les 3fp las as le les 3np los 3pF les/las/los os/as Li,Le vous INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ------------------------ ES PT IT FR 1s me me mi me 2s te te ti te 3ms le lhe gli lui 3fs le lhe le lui 3ns le 3sF le lhe Le vous 1p nos nos ci nous 2p os vocês vi vous 3mp les lhes gli/loro leur 3fp les lhes gli/loro leur 3np les 3pF les lhes Gli/Loro vous PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS ------------------------ ES PT IT FR 1s mí mim me moi 2s ti ti te toi 3ms él ele lui lui 3fs ella ela lei elle 3ns ello 3sF usted você Lei vous 1p nosotros nós noi nous 2p vosotros vós voi vous 3mp ellos eles loro eux 3fp ellas elas loro elles 3np 3pF ustedes vocês Loro vous -------- ARTICLES -------- DEFINITE ARTICLES ----------------- ES PT IT FR ms el o il le l'[vowel] l'[vowel,h] lo [z,s+cons.] fs la a la la l'[vowel] l'[vowel,h] mp los os i les gli [vowel] gli [z,s+cons.] fp las as le les INDEFINITE ARTICLES ------------------- ES PT IT FR ms un um un un uno [z,s+cons.] fs una uma una une un'[vowel] mp unos uns des fp unas umas des PARTITIVE ARTICLES ------------------ IT FR ms del du dell' [vowel] dello [z,s+cons.] fs della de la dell'[vowel] de l'[vowel] mp dei des degli [vowel] d'[vowel] degli [z,s+cons.] fp delle des d'[vowel] ----- NOUNS ----- NOUN GENDER ----------- ES PT IT FR m -O -O -O -EAU -MA -[cons.] f -A -A -A -E -ION -ÃO -IONE -ION -IÓN -DADE -DAD -GEM -TAD -IE -TUD -TUDE -EZ -UMBRE ? -E -[others] PLURAL NOUNS ------------ ES PT IT FR -[c],y -> +ES -[c] -> +ES -O -> -I -AU -> +X -[v] -> +S -[v] -> +S -A -> -E -EU -> +X -Z -> -CES -S. -> [unchanged] -I -> [unchanged] -OU -> +X -IÓN -> -IONES -ÃO -> -ÕES/ÃES/ÃOS -E -> -I -S -> [unchanged] -AL -> -AIS -IO! -> -II -Z -> [unchanged] -EL -> -ÉIS -CO -> -CHI -X -> [unchanged] -OL -> -ÓIS -GO -> -GHI -AL -> -AUX -IL -> -IS -CA -> -CHE(f),-CHI(m) -AIL -> -AUX -GA -> -GHE(f),-GHI(m) [others] -> +S -[c] -> [unchanged] -[v]! -> [unchanged] -CI!A -> -CIE -GI!A -> -GIE -CIA. -> -CE -GIA. -> -GE ---------- ADJECTIVES ---------- ES PT IT FR ms -O -> -O -O -> -O -O -> -O -E -> -E -E -> -E -E -> -E -EL -> -EL -OR -> -OR -IO -> IO -EN -> -EN -ÁN -> -ÁN -EUX -> -EUX -ÍN -> -ÍN -ER -> -ER -ÓN -> -óN -F -> -F -[c] -> -[c] -ON -> -ON [others] -> [unchanged] fs -O -> -A -O -> -A -O -> -A -E -> -E -E -> -E -E -> -E -EL -> -ELLE -OR -> -ORA -IO -> -IA -EN -> -ENNE -ÁN -> -ÁNA -EUX -> -EUSE -ÓN -> -ÓNA -ER -> -ÈRE -ÍN -> -ÍNA -F -> -VE -[c] -> -[c] -ON -> -ONNE [others] -> +E mp -O -> -OS -O -> -OS -O -> -I -E -> -ES -E -> -ES -E -> -I -EL -> -ELS -OR -> -ORES -IO -> -I -EN -> -ENS -ÁN -> -ÁNES -EUX -> -EUX -ÓN -> -ÓNES -ER -> -ERS -ÍN -> -ÍNES -F -> -FS -[c] -> +ES -ON -> -ONS [others] -> +S fp -O -> -AS -O -> -AS -O -> -E -E -> -ES -E -> -ES -E -> -I -EL -> -ELLES -OR -> -ORAS -IO -> -IE -EN -> -ENNES -[c] -> +ES -EUX -> -EUSES -ÁN -> -ÁNAS -ER -> -ÈRES -ÓN -> -ÓNAS -F -> -VES -ÍN -> -ÍNAS -ON -> -ONNES [others] -> +ES ------- ADVERBS ------- CONVERTING ADJECTIVES TO ADVERBS -------------------------------- ES PT IT FR -O -> -AMENTE -O -> -AMENTE -O -> -AMENTE [v] -> +MENT -E -> -EMENTE -E -> -EMENTE -ENT -> -EMMENT -OR -> -ORAMENTE -IO -> -IAMENTE -ANT -> -AMMENT -ÁN -> -ÁNAMENTE -[v]LE -> -MENTE -EL -> -ELLEMENT -ÓN -> -ÓNAMENTE -[v]RE -> -MENTE -EN -> -ENNEMENT -ÍN -> -ÍNAMENTE -EUX -> -EUSEMENT [c] -> +MENTE -ER -> -ÈREMENT -F -> -VEMENT -ON -> -ONNEMENT [c] -> +EMENT ----------- COMPARISONS ----------- DEGREES OF COMPARISON --------------------- ES PT IT FR comperative más mais più plus superlative (el/la) más (o/a) mais (il/la) più (le/la) plus comp. minor menos menos meno moins supl. minor (el/la) menos (o/a) menos (il/la) meno (le/la) moins COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY AND INEQUALITY -------------------------------------- ES PT IT FR equality tan...como tão...como tanto...quanto aussi...que inquality ...que... ...do que... ...che... ...que... ------------------------------ POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES/PRONOUNS ------------------------------ POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES --------------------- ES PT IT FR 1s mi (ms) o meu (ms) il mio (ms) mon (ms) mi (fs) a minha (fs) la mia (fs) ma (fs) mis (mp) os meus (mp) i miei (mp) mes (mp) mis (fp) as minhas (fp) le mie (fp) mes (fp) 2s tu (ms) o teu (ms) il tuo (ms) ton (ms) tu (fs) a tua (fs) la tua (fs) ta (fs) tus (mp) os teus (mp) i tuoi (mp) tes (mp) tus (fp) as tuas (fp) le tue (fp) tes (fp) 3ms su (ms) o...dele (ms) il suo (ms) son (ms) su (fs) a...dele (fs) la sua (fs) sa (fs) sus (mp) os...dele (mp) i suoi (mp) ses (mp) sus (fp) as...dele (fp) le sue (fp) ses (fp) 3fs su (ms) o...dela (ms) il suo (ms) son (ms) su (fs) a...dela (fs) la sua (fs) sa (sa) sus (mp) os...dela (mp) i suoi (mp) ses (mp) sus (fp) as...dela (fp) le sue (fp) ses (fp) 3sF su (ms) o seu (ms) il Suo (ms) votre (ms) su (fs) a sua (fs) la Sua (fs) votre (fs) sus (mp) o seus (mp) i Suoi (mp) vos (mp) sus (fp) a suas (fp) le Sue (fp) vos (fp) 1p nuestro (ms) o nosso (ms) il nostro (ms) notre (ms) nuestra (fs) a nossa (fs) la nostra (fs) notre (fs) nuestros (mp) o nossos (mp) i nostri (mp) nos (mp) nuestras (fp) a nossas (fp) le nostre (fp) nos (fp) 2p vuestro (ms) o vosso (ms) il vostro (ms) votre (ms) vuestra (fs) a vossa (fs) la vostra (fs) votre (fs) vuestros (mp) os vossos (mp) i vostri (mp) vos (mp) vuestras (fp) as vossas (fp) le vostre (fp) vos (fp) 3mp su (ms) o...deles (ms) il loro (ms) leur (ms) su (fs) a...deles (fs) la loro (fs) leur (fs) sus (mp) os...deles (mp) i loro (mp) leurs (mp) sus (fp) as...delas (fp) le loro (fp) leurs (fp) 3fp su (ms) o...delas (ms) il loro (ms) leur (ms) su (fs) a...delas (fs) la loro (fs) leur (fs) sus (mp) os...delas (mp) i loro (mp) leurs (mp) sus (fp) as..delas (fp) le loro (fp) leurs (fp) 3pF su (ms) o seu (ms) il Loro (ms) votre (ms) su (fs) a sua (fs) la Loro (fs) votre (fs) sus (mp) os seus (mp) i Loro (mp) vos (mp) sus (fp) as suas (fp) le Loro (fp) vos (fp) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ------------------- ES PT IT FR 1s mío (ms) o meu (ms) il mio (ms) le mien (ms) mía (fs) a minha (fs) la mia (fs) la mienne (fs) míos (mp) os meus (mp) i miei (mp) les miens (mp) mías (fp) as minhas (fp) le mie (fp) les miennes (fp) 2s tuyo (ms) o teu (ms) il tuo (ms) le tien (ms) tuya (fs) a tua (fs) la tua (fs) la tienne (fs) tuyos (mp) os teus (mp) i tuoi (mp) les tiens (mp) tuyas (fp) as tuas (fp) le tue (fp) les tiennes (fp) 3ms suyo (ms) o dele (ms) il suo (ms) le sien (ms) suya (fs) a dele (fs) la sua (fs) la sienne (fs) suyos (mp) os dele (mp) i suoi (mp) les siens (mp) suyas (fp) as dele (fp) le sue (fp) les siennes (fp) 3fs suyo (ms) o dela (ms) il suo (ms) le sien (ms) suya (fs) a dela (fs) la sua (fs) la sienne (sa) suyos (mp) os dela (mp) i suoi (mp) les siens (mp) suyas (fp) as dela (fp) le sue (fp) les siennes (fp) 3sF suyo (ms) o seu (ms) il Suo (ms) le vôtre (ms) suya (fs) a sua (fs) la Sua (fs) la vôtre (fs) suyos (mp) o seus (mp) i Suoi (mp) les vôtres (mp) suyas (fp) a suas (fp) le Sue (fp) les vôtres (fp) 1p nuestro (ms) o nosso (ms) il nostro (ms) le nôtre (ms) nuestra (fs) a nossa (fs) la nostra (fs) la nôtre (fs) nuestros (mp) o nossos (mp) i nostri (mp) les nôtres (mp) nuestras (fp) a nossas (fp) le nostre (fp) les nôtres (fp) 2p vuestro (ms) o vosso (ms) il vostro (ms) le vôtre (ms) vuestra (fs) a vossa (fs) la vostra (fs) la vôtre (fs) vuestros (mp) os vossos (mp) i vostri (mp) les vôtres (mp) vuestras (fp) as vossas (fp) le vostre (fp) les vôtres (fp) 3mp suyo (ms) o deles (ms) il loro (ms) le leur (ms) suya (fs) a deles (fs) la loro (fs) la leur (fs) suyos (mp) os deles (mp) i loro (mp) les leurs (mp) suyas (fp) as delas (fp) le loro (fp) les leurs (fp) 3fp suyo (ms) o delas (ms) il loro (ms) le leur (ms) suya (fs) a delas (fs) la loro (fs) la leur (fs) suyos (mp) os delas (mp) i loro (mp) les leurs (mp) suyas (fp) as delas (fp) le loro (fp) les leurs (fp) 3pF suyo (ms) o seu (ms) il Loro (ms) le vôtre (ms) suya (fs) a sua (fs) la Loro (fs) la vôtre (fs) suyos (mp) os seus (mp) i Loro (mp) les vôtres (mp) suyas (fp) as suas (fp) le Loro (fp) les vôtres (fp) --------------------------------- DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES/PRONOUNS --------------------------------- DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES ------------------------ ES PT IT FR close este (ms) este (ms) questo (ms) ce ...-ci (ms) esta (fs) esta (fs) questa (fs) cet ...-ci (ms, before [v] or h) esto (ns) cette ...-ci (fs) estos (mp) estes (mp) questi (mp) ces ...-ci (mp) estas (fp) estas (fp) queste (fp) ces ...-ci (fp) far ese (ms) esse (ms) codesto (ms) esa (fs) essa (fs) codesta (fs) eso (ns) esos (mp) esses (mp) codesti (mp) esas (fp) essas (fp) codeste (fp) further aquel (ms) aquele (ms) quello (ms *1) ce ...-là (ms) aquella (fs) aquela (fs) quel (ms) cet ...-là (ms, before [v] or h) aquello (ns) aquelo (ns) quella (fs) cette ...-là (fs) aquellos (mp) aquelos (mp) quell' (fs *2) ces ...-là (mp) aquellas (fp) aquelas (fp) quei (mp) ces ...-là (fp) quegli (mp *3) quelle (fp) IT: *1: Before Z or S+[c] *2: Before [v] *3: Before [v], Z or S+[c] DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ---------------------- ES PT IT FR close éste (ms) iste (ms) questo (ms) celui-ci (ms) ésta (fs) ista (fs) questa (fs) celle-ci (fs) esto (ns) isto (ns) éstos (mp) istos (mp) questi (mp) ceux-ci (mp) éstas (fp) istas (fp) queste (fp) celles-ci (fp) far ése (ms) isse (ms) codesto (ms) ésa (fs) issa (fs) codesta (fs) eso (ns) isso (ns) ésos (mp) issos (mp) codesti (mp) ésas (fp) issas (fp) codeste (fp) further áquel (ms) aquile (ms) quello (ms) celui-là (ms) áquella (fs) aquila (fs) quella (fs) celle-là (fs) aquello (ns) aquilo (ns) áquellos (mp) aquilos (mp) quelli (mp) ceux-là (mp) áquellas (fp) aquilas (fp) quelle (fp) celles-là (fp) --------------------------------- INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS/ADJECTIVES --------------------------------- INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS ---------------------- ES PT IT FR what? ¿Qué? Que? Che? Que?/Que'est-ce que? which? ¿Cuál (de)? (s) Qual? (s) Qual? (s) Lequel (ms) ¿Cuáles (de)? (p) Quais? (p) Quali? (p) Laquelle (fs) Lesquels (mp) Laquelles (fp) who? ¿Quién? Quem? Chi? Qui? where? ¿Dónde? Onde? Dove? Où? when? ¿Cuando? Quando? Quando? Quand? why? ¿Por qué? Porque? Perché? Pourquoi? how? ¿Cómo (de)? Como? Como? Comment? how much? ¿Cuánto? Quanto? Quanto? Combien? how many? ¿Cuántos? Quantos? Quanti? Combien? INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES ------------------------ ES PT IT FR which? Cuál (ms) Qual (ms) Quale (s) Quel (ms) Cuál (fs) Qual (fs) Quali (p) Quelle (fs) Cuáles (mp) Quales (mp) Quels (mp) Cuáles (fp) Quales (fp) Quelles (fp) how much? Cuánto (ms) Quanto (ms) Quanto (ms) Combien de(s) Cuánta (fs) Quanta (fs) Quanta (fs) Combien de (p) how many? Cuántos (mp) Quantos (mp) Quanti (mp) Cuántas (fp) Quantas (fp) Quante (fp) ------------- REGULAR VERBS ------------- GROUPS ------ ES PT IT FR GROUP 1 -AR -AR -ARE -ER GROUP 2 -ER -ER -ERE -IR GROUP 3 -IR -IR -IRE -RE CONJUGATIONS OF GROUP 1 ----------------------- ES: -AR (example: habl ar = to speak) PT: -AR (example: fal ar = to speak) IT: -ARE (example: parl are = to speak) FR: -ER (example: parl er = to speak) ES PT IT FR infinitive habl ar fal ar parl are parl er gerund habl ando fal ando parl ando participle habl ado fal ado parl ato parl é PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s habl o fal o parl o (je) parl e 2s habl as fal as parl i (tu) parl es 3s habl a fal a parl a (il) parl e 1p habl amos fal amos parl iamo (nous) parl ons 2p habl áis fal ais parl ate (vous) parl ez 3p habl an fal am parl ano (ils) parl ent PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Passé Simple) 1s habl é fal ei parl ai (je) parl ai 2s habl aste fal aste parl asti (tu) parl as 3s habl ó fal ou parl ò (il) parl a 1p habl amos fal amos parl ammo (nous) parl âmes 2p habl asteis fal astes parl aste (vous) parl âtes 3p habl aron fal aram parl arono (ils) parl èrent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s habl aba fal ava parl avo (je) parl ais 2s habl abas fal avas parl avi (tu) parl ais 3s habl aba fal ava parl ava (il) parl ait 1p habl ábamos fal ávamos parl avamo (nous) parl ions 2p habl abais fal ávais parl avate (vous) parl iez 3p habl aban fal avam parl avano (ils) parl aient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s habl aré fal arei parl erò (je) parl erai 2s habl arás fal arás parl erai (tu) parl eras 3s habl ará fal ará parl erà (il) parl era 1p habl aremos fal aremos parl eremo (nous) parl erons 2p habl aréis fal areis parl erete (vous) parl erez 3p habl arán fal arão parl eranno (ils) parl eront CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s habl aría fal aria parl erei (je) parl erais 2s habl arías fal arias parl eresti (tu) parl erais 3s habl aría fal aria parl erebbe (il) parl erait 1p habl aríamos fal aríamos parl eremmo (nous) parl erions 2p habl aríais fal aríais parl ereste (vous) parl eriez 3p habl arían fal aríam parl erebbero (ils) parl eraient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s habl e fal e parl i (que je) parl e 2s habl es fal es parl i (que tu) parl es 3s habl e fal e parl i (qu'il) parl e 1p habl emos fal emos parl iamo (que nous) parl ions 2p habl éis fal eis parl iate (que vous) parl iez 3p habl en fal em parl ino (qu'ils) parl ent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s habl ara/ase fal asse parl assi (que je) parl asse 2s habl aras/ases fal asses parl assi (que tu) parl asses 3s habl ara/ase fal asse parl asse (qu'il) parl ât 1p habl áramos/ásemos fal ássemos parl assimo (que nous) parl assions 2p habl arais/aseis fal ásseis parl aste (que vous) parl assiez 3p habl aran/asen fal assem parl assero (que ils) parl assent IMPERATIVE TENSE (Speak!) 2s habl a, no habl es fal a parl a parl e 3s habl e, no habl e parl i 1p habl emos, no habl emos parl iamo parl ons 2p habl ad, no habl éis parl ate parl ez 3p habl en, no habl en parl ino IRREGULARITIES IN GROUP 1 ------------------------- FR: Words ending in EMER, ENER, ESER or EVER get an accent sign to the left on the first E in the 1st person singular, 2nd person singular, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural in the present tense (je, tu, il/elle, ils/elles). Example: Semer: Je sème, Tu sèmes, Il sème, Nous semons, Vous semez, Ils sèment Words ending in -ÉGER, - ÉRER, or - ÉTER change the accent to the left instead of right in all persons and tenses except future and conditional tense. Protéger: Je protège, Tu protèges, Il protège, Nous protègeons, Vous protègez, Ils protègent, Tu protègais, ATTENTION: Tu protégeras, this is future tense, no changes here. Words ending in -ELER or -ETER get an extra consonant (an L or a T). Examples: Appeler: J'appelle, Tu appelles, etc.. Jeter: Je jette, Tu jettes, etc.. For words ending in -CER: When the C is followed by an A or an O then the C will change in a Ç. Example: Placer: Je place, Tu places, Il place, Nous plaçons, Vous placez, Ils placent For words ending in -GER: When the G is followed by an A or an O then an E will be added after the G. Example: Nager: Je nage, Tu nage, Il nage, Nous nageons, Vous nagez For words ending in -OYER, -UYER and sometimes also -AYER: When the Y would otherwise be followed by an inaudible E that Y will be replaced by an I.Example: Nettoyer: Je nettoie, Tu nettoie, Il nettoie, Nous nettoyons, Vous nettoyez, Ils nettoient CONJUGATIONS OF GROUP 2 ----------------------- ES: -ER (example: com er = to eat) PT: -ER (example: com er = to eat) IT: -ERE (example: cred ere = to believe) FR: -IR (example: fin ir = to end/finish) ES PT IT FR infinitive com er com er cred ere fin ir gerund com iendo com endo cred endo participle com ido com ido cred uto fin i PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s com o com o cred o (je) fin is 2s com es com es cred i (tu) fin is 3s com e com e cred e (il) fin it 1p com emos com emos cred iamo (nous) fin issons 2p com éis com eis cred ete (vous) fin issez 3p com en com em cred ono (ils) fin issent PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Passé Simple) 1s com í com i cred etti (je) fin is 2s com iste com este cred esti (tu) fin is 3s com ió com eu cred ette (il) fin it 1p com imos com emos cred emmo (nous) fin îmes 2p com isteis com estes cred este (vous) fin îtes 3p com ieron com eram cred ettero (ils) fin irent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s com ía com ia cred evo (je) fin issais 2s com ías com ias cred evi (tu) fin issais 3s com ía com ia cred eva (il) fin issait 1p com íamos com íamos cred evamo (nous) fin issions 2p com íais com íeis cred evate (vous) fin issiez 3p com ían com iam cred evano (ils) fin issaient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s com eré com erei cred erò (je) fin irai 2s com erás com erás cred erai (tu) fin iras 3s com erá com erá cred erà (il) fin ira 1p com eremos com eremos cred eremo (nous) fin irons 2p com eréis com ereis cred erete (vous) fin irez 3p com erán com erão cred eranno (ils) fin iront CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s com ería com eria cred erei (je) fin irais 2s com erías com erias cred eresti (tu) fin irais 3s com ería com eria cred erebbe (il) fin irait 1p com eríamos com eríamos cred eremmo (nous) fin irions 2p com eríais com eríais cred ereste (vous) fin iriez 3p com erían com eríam cred erebbero (ils) fin iraient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s com a com a cred a (que je) fin isse 2s com as com as cred a (que tu) fin isses 3s com a com a cred a (qu'il) fin isse 1p com amos com amos cred iamo (que nous) fin issions 2p com áis com ais cred iate (que vous) fin issiez 3p com an com am cred ano (qu'ils) fin issent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s com iera/iese com esse cred essi (que je) fin isse 2s com ieras/ieses com esses cred essi (que tu) fin isses 3s com iera/iese com esse cred esse (qu'il) fin ît 1p com iéramos/iésemos com êssemos cred essimo (que nous) fin issions 2p com ierais/ieseis com êsseis cred este (que vous) fin issiez 3p com ieran/iesen com essem cred essero (que ils) fin issent IMPERATIVE TENSE (Speak!) 2s com e, no com as com e cred i fin is 3s com a, no com a cred a 1p com emos, no com amos cred iamo fin issons 2p com ed, no com áis cred ete fin issez 3p com an, no com an cred ano IRREGULARITIES IN GROUP 2 ------------------------- ER: This group contains one exceptional case we have to mention, when the verb ends in ECER then the first person singular, present tense will get an extra Z. An example, let's take the verb: abborecer, instead of "(yo) abboreco" we get "(yo) abborezco". This only applies to first person singular in the present tense. CONJUGATIONS OF GROUP 3 ----------------------- ES: -IR (example: viv ir = to live) PT: -IR (example: part ir = to leave) IT: -IRE (example: part ire = to leave) FR: -RE (example: rend re = to give back) ES PT IT FR infinitive viv ir part ir part ire rend re gerund viv iendo part indo part endo participle viv ido part ido part ito rend u PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s viv o part o part o (je) rend s 2s viv es part es part i (tu) rend s 3s viv e part e part e (il) rend 1p viv imos part imos part iamo (nous) rend ons 2p viv ís part is part ite (vous) rend ez 3p viv en part em part ono (ils) rend ent PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Passé Simple) 1s viv í part i part ii (je) rend is 2s viv iste part iste part isti (tu) rend is 3s viv ió part iu part ì (il) rend it 1p viv imos part imos part immo (nous) rend îmes 2p viv isteis part istes part iste (vous) rend îtes 3p viv ieron part iram part irono (ils) rend irent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s viv ía part ia part ivo (je) rend ais 2s viv ías part ias part ivi (tu) rend ais 3s viv ía part ia part iva (il) rend ait 1p viv íamos part íamos part ivamo (nous) rend ions 2p viv íais part íeis part ivate (vous) rend iez 3p viv ían part iam part ivano (ils) rend aient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s viv iré part irei part irò (je) rend rai 2s viv irás part irás part irai (tu) rend ras 3s viv irá part irá part irà (il) rend ra 1p viv iremos part iremos part iremo (nous) rend rons 2p viv iréis part ireis part irete (vous) rend rez 3p viv irán part irão part iranno (ils) rend ront CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s viv iría part iria part irei (je) rend rais 2s viv irías part irias part iresti (tu) rend rais 3s viv iría part iria part irebbe (il) rend rait 1p viv iríamos part iríamos part iremmo (nous) rend rions 2p viv iríais part iríais part ireste (vous) rend riez 3p viv irían part iríam part irebbero (ils) rend raient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s viv a part a part a (que je) rend e 2s viv as part as part a (que tu) rend es 3s viv a part a part a (qu'il) rend e 1p viv amos part amos part iamo (que nous) rend ions 2p viv áis part ais part iate (que vous) rend iez 3p viv an part am part ano (qu'ils) rend ent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s viv iera/iese part isse part issi (que je) fin isse 2s viv ieras/ieses part isses part issi (que tu) fin isses 3s viv iera/iese part isse part isse (qu'il) fin ît 1p viv iéramos/iésemos part íssemos part issimo (que nous) fin issions 2p viv ierais/ieseis part ísseis part iste (que vous) fin issiez 3p viv ieran/iesen part issem part issero (que ils) fin issent IMPERATIVE TENSE (Speak!) 2s viv e, no viv as part e part i rend s 3s viv a, no viv a part a 1p viv emos, no viv amos part iamo rend ons 2p viv id, no viv áis part ite rend ez 3p viv an, no viv an part ano --------------------------- IMPERFECT VS PRETERIT TENSE --------------------------- ES: Imperfecto & Preterito PT: Imperfecto & Preterito IT: Imperfetto & Pasato Remoto FR: Imparfait & Passé Simple (Assisted by Miguél Angel Lopera Molero) In Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French there are two past tenses, we'll call them the preterite (in italian passato remoto and in french passé simple) and the imperfect tense, we'll now show you which tense to use at what moments and why. But first of all we can say that this issue of two past tenses doesn't really apply to the french language. Altough they have an imparfait and a passé simple. The passé simple is only used in old and official literature and is rarely used in speech or everyday writings. So in French you can just use the imparfait when you need a past tense and this chapter doesn't really apply. Preterite Tense For foreigners it might be difficult to know when to use the Imperfect tense and when to use the Preterite tense in Spanish and Portuguese (the passato remoto in Italian). I assume you already read how to conjugate verbs in both tenses but I assume you don't know when to use them since they both describe a past tense, which is only one tense, the simple past, in English. The preterite is a tense that is to be used when something takes place in the past and also ends in the past. It begins at a specific time in the past and also ends at a specific time in the past, although that might not be clearly stated in the sentence. But something did occur specifically in the past and is now over, it's a completed action. A few situations when the preterite is to be used (note that all describe a completed action in the past): --> An action is a single (completed) event in the past. --> An action occurred during a specifc period of time --> An action was repeated a specific number of times --> An action was part of a bigger entity of events --> An action describes a beginning or an end. Some spanish example sentences using preterite tense: I ran to the store = Corrí a la tienda. I walked for five minutes = Anduve durante cinco minutos I ate an apple = Comí una manzana We lived in that old house for only two weeks = Vivimos en aquella casa vieja durante sólo dos semanos I went to work, greeted my boss and sat down behind my desk = Me fui al trabajo, saludé a mi jefe y me senté detrás de mi escritorio. The airplane began it's descend at 6:00 am = El avión comenzó el descenso a las 6 de la mañana. Imperfect Tense The imperfect tense tells us when something occurred in general in the past, but no clear beginning or ending is implied, it might still be occuring and might already be occuring for a long time. Usually the imperfect can also be translated with "used to ..." or "was/were ...+ing". A few situations when the imperfect is to be used (note that all describe an action in the past that is not seen as completed): --> To tell the time --> To tell your age --> To indicate a habit, something that was and maybe still is being repeated --> To describe characteristics of nouns --> To describe mental or physical state --> To create a scene for another action in the past Spanish examples using the Imperfect tense: At the time we felt comfortable = En aquel momento nos sentimos cómodos It was four o'clock = Eran las cuatro en punto She was fourteen years old = Ella tenía catorce años I was watching TV when my dad left the house (was watching is Imperfect, left is Preterit) = Estaba viendo la televisíon cuando mi padre salía la casa He always read the newspaper in the morning = Siempre leía el periódico por la mañana His car reminded me of an old wreck I used to have. = Su choche me recordaba a un viejo cacharro que yo tenía I was feeling ill = Me sentía mal --------------- AUXILIARY VERBS --------------- TO BE ----- ES: estar PT: estar IT: essere FR: être ES PT IT FR infinitive estar estar essere être gerund estando estando essendo participle estado estado stato été PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s estoy estou sono (je) suis 2s estás estás sei (tu) es 3s está está è (il) est 1p estamos estamos siamo (nous) sommos 2p estáis estais siete (vous) êtes 3p están estão sono (ils) sont PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Passé Simple) 1s estuve estive fui (je) fus 2s estuviste estiveste fosti (tu) fus 3s estuvo estive fu (il) fut 1p estuvimos estivemos fummo (nous) fûmes 2p estuvisteis estivestes foste (vous) fûtes 3p estuvieron estiveram furono (ils) furent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s estaba estava ero (je) étais 2s estabas estavas eri (tu) étais 3s estaba estava era (il) était 1p estabamos estávamos eravamo (nous) étions 2p estabais estávais eravate (vous) étiez 3p estaban estavam erano (ils) étaient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s estaré estarei sarò (je) serai 2s estarás estarás sarai (tu) seras 3s estará estará sarà (il) sera 1p estaremos estaremos saremo (nous) serons 2p estaréis estareis sarete (vous) serez 3p estarán estarão saranno (ils) seront CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s estaría estaria sarei (je) serais 2s estarías estarias saresti (tu) serais 3s estaría estaria sarebbe (il) serait 1p estaríamos estaríamos saremmo (nous) serions 2p estaríais estaríais sareste (vous) seriez 3p estarían estaríam sarebbero (ils) seraient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s esté esteja sia (que je) sois 2s estés estejas sia (que tu) sois 3s esté esteja sia (qu'il) soit 1p estemos estejamos siamo (que nous) soyons 2p estéis estejais siate (que vous) soyez 3p estén estejam siano (qu'ils) soient PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s estuviera/estuviese estivesse fossi (que je) fusse 2s estuvieras/estuviesas estivesses fossi (que tu) fusses 3s estuviera/estuviese estivesse fosse (qu'il) fût 1p estuvieramos/~viésemos estivéssemos fossimo (que nous) fussions 2p estuvierais/~vieseis estivésseis foste (que vous) fussiez 3p estuvieran/~viesen estivessem fossere (que ils) fussent TO HAVE ------- ES: haber PT: ter IT: avere FR: avoir ES PT IT FR infinitive haber ter avere avoir gerund habiendo tendo avendo participle habido tido avuto eu PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s he tenho ho (je) ai 2s has tens hai (tu) as 3s ha tem ha (il) a 1p hemos temos abbiamo (nous) avons 2p habéis tendes avete (vous) avez 3p han têm hanno (ils) ont PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Passé Simple) 1s hube tive ebbi (je) eus 2s hubiste tiveste avesti (tu) eus 3s hubo teve ebbe (il) eut 1p hubimos tivimos avemmo (nous) eûmes 2p hubisteis tivestes aveste (vous) eûtes 3p hubieron tiveram ebbero (ils) eurent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s había tinha avevo (je) avais 2s habías tinhas avevi (tu) avais 3s había tinha aveva (il) avait 1p habíamos tinhamos avevamo (nous) avions 2p habíais tinheis avevate (vous) aviez 3p habían tinham avevano (ils) avaient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s habré terei avrò (je) aurai 2s habrás terás avrai (tu) auras 3s habrá terá avrà (il) aura 1p habremos teremos avremo (nous) aurons 2p habréis tereis avrete (vous) aurez 3p habrán terão avranno (ils) auront CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s habría teria avrei (je) aurais 2s habrías terias avresti (tu) aurais 3s habría teria avrebbe (il) aurait 1p habríamos teríamos avremmo (nous) aurions 2p habríais teríais avreste (vous) auriez 3p habrían teríam avrebbero (ils) auraient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s haya tenha abbia (que je) aie 2s hayas tenhas abbia (que tu) aies 3s haya tenha abbia (qu'il) ait 1p hayamos tenhamos abbiamo (que nous) ayons 2p hayáis tenhais abbiate (que vous) ayez 3p hayan tenham abbiano (qu'ils) aient PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s hubiera/hubiese tivesse avessi (que je) eusse 2s hubieras/hubieses tivesses avessi (que tu) eusses 3s hubiera/~iese tivesse avesse (qu'il) eÛt 1p hubiéramos/~iésemos tivêssemos avessimo (que nous) eussions 2p hubierais/~ieseis tivêsseis aveste (que vous) eussiez 3p hubieran/~iesen tivessem avessero (que ils) eussent COMPOUND TENSES --------------- CONTINUOUS TENSE: To be (speaking) ES PT IT FR RULE: estar + gerund estar + gerund stare + gerund PERFECT TENSE: To have (spoken) ES PT IT FR RULE: haber + participle ter + ptcpl avere + ptcpl avoir + ptcpl ESTAR VS SER ------------ (Spanish assistance by Miguel Ángel Lopera Molero) In Spanish and Portuguese there are to verbs for the English verb "To be", this might be a bit confusing at first for foreigners but there are rules when to use Ser and when to use Estar. On this page you'll learn the difference between the two and after reading this you'll know in what situations you should use Ser in what situations you should use Estar. The basic rule about which one to use goes like this: If you're describing a temporary condition, you're describing HOW something is, then you use Estar. And if you're describing an essential fixed property, you're describing WHAT something is, then you use Ser. This might still sound a little vague, so we'll explain some further, Ser is used to: --> Tell Time --> Tell about possession --> Tell about the material something is made of --> Tell the place of origin --> Tell about one's nationality --> Tell about a certain relationship between two persons --> Tell about profession/occupation --> Tell about one's religion or political affiliation --> Tell where an event is taking place --> Tell about unchanging properties/qualities Some examples using Ser will follow now (English - Spanish - Portuguese): EN: He is a plumber ES: Él es fontanero PT: Ele é bombeiro EN: My coat is totally made of cotton ES: Mi abrigo es de algodón 100% PT: O meu sobretudo é de algodão 100% EN: I am from the Netherlands, so I am dutch ES: Soy de Holanda, así que soy Holandés PT: Sou de Holanda, de modo que sou Holandês EN: He is her little brother ES: Él es su hermano pequeño PT: Ele é o seu irmão pequeno EN: That is my bike ES: Ésa es mi bici PT: Issa é minha bicicleta EN: They are catholic ES: Son católicos PT: São católicos EN: My party is today ES: Mi fiesta es hoy PT: A minha festa é hoje EN: The leaves of the tree are green ES: Las hojas del arbol son verdes PT: As folhas da árvore são verdes (Note that this only applies to trees that remain green in all seasons, if a tree loses it`s green leaves in autumn then Estar is to be used since it would then be a temporary condition instead of a fixed fact) Now let's talk about Estar, Estar is used to: --> Tell where someone is, to express location --> Tell the state or condition of a certain object/person --> Tell something is in progress (Estar in combination with the gerund) Some example sentences: EN: I am in the house ES: Estoy en la casa PT: Estou em a casa EN: He is very happy ES: Él está muy contento PT: Ele está mui contento EN: She is ill ES: Ella está enferma PT: Ela está doente EN: I am riding my bike ES: Estoy montando en mi bici PT: Estou montando em minha bicicleta (This sentence uses the ESTAR + GERUND combination to express something is in progress) ---------------------- (SEMI) IRREGULAR VERBS ---------------------- SPANISH ------- Abrir (to open) Participle: abierto Acertar (e:ie) (to guess right) (EXAMPLE FOR E->IE STEM CHANGERS) Present: Acierto, Aciertes, Acierte, Acertamos, Acertáis, Aciertan Imperfect: Acertaba, Acertabas, Acertaba, Acertábamos, Acertabais, Acertaban Preterit: Acerté, Acertaste, Acertó, Acertamos, Acertasteis, Acertaron Future: Acertaré, Acertarás, Acertará, Acertaremos, Acertaréis, Acertarán Conditional: Acertaría, Acertarías, Acertariá, Acertaríamos, Acertaríais, Acertarían Participle: Acertado Gerund: Acertando Acordar(se) (o:ue) (to decide) (EXAMPLE FOR O->UE STEM CHANGERS) Present: Acuerdo, Acuerdas, Acuera, Acordamos, Acordáis, Acuerdan Imperfect: Acordaba, Acordabas, Acordaba, Acordabamos, Acordabais, Acordaban Preterit: Acordé, Acordaste, Acordó, Acordamos, Acordasteis, Acordaron Future: Acordaré, Acordarás, Acordará, Acordemos, Acordéis, Acordan Conditional: Acordaría, Acordarías, Acordariá, Acordaríamos, Acordaríais, Acordarían Participle: Acordado Gerund: Acordando Acostar(se) (o:ue) (to lay down) Adestrar (e:ie) Adquirir (i:ie) (to acquire) Advertir (i:ie, e:i) (to warn) (EXAMPLE FOR I->IE AND E->I STEM CHANGERS) Present: Advierto, Adviertes, Advierte, Advertimos, Advertís, Advierten Imperfect: Advertía, Advertías, Advertía, Advertíamos, Advertíais, Advertían Preterit: Advertí, Advertiste, Advirtió, Advertimos, Advertisteis, Advirtieron Future: Advertiré, Advertirás, Advertirá, Advertiremos, Advertiréis, Advertirán Conditional: Advertirí, Advertirías, Advertiría, Advertiríamos, Advertiríais, Advertirían Participle: Advertido Gerund: Advertiendo Alentar (e:ie) (to encourage) Almorzar (o:ue) (to have lunch) Andar (to walk) Preterit: Anduve, Anduviste, Anduvo, Anduvimos, Anduveis, Anduvieron Apostar (o:ue) (to bet) Apretar (e:ie) (to tighten) Aprobar (o:ue) (to approve) Arrendar (e:ie) (to rest) Arrepentirse (i:ie, e:i) (to regret) Ascender (e:ie) (to ascend) Atender (e:ie) (to take care of) Atravesar (e:ie) (to cross) Avergonzar (o:ue) (to shame) Bendecir - Like Decir (to bless) Caber (to fit in, to get in) Present: Quepo, Cabes Preterit: Cupe, Cupiste, Cupo, Cupimos, Cupisteis, Cupieron Caer (to fall, to crash) Present: Caigo, Caes Preterit: Caiga, Caigas Calentar (e:ie) (to warm up) Cegar (e:ie) (to blind) Ceñir (e:i) (to fit) Cerrar (e:ie) (to close) Cocer (o:ue) (to cook) Colar (o:ue) (to strain) Colegir (e:i) (to collect/to gather) Colgar (o:ue) (to hang) Comenzar (e:ie) (to begin) Competir (e:i) (to compete) Concebir (e:i) (to conceive) Concernir (e:ie) (to concern) Concertar (e:ie) (to arrange) Concordar (o:ue) (to agree) Confesar (e:ie) (to confess) Constreñir (e:i) (to restrict) Contar (o:ue) (to count) Corregir (e:i) (to correct) Costar (o:ue) (to cost) Cubrir (to cover) Participle: cubierto Dar (to give) Present: Doy, Das, Da, Damos, Dais, Dan Imperfect: Daba, Dabas, Daba, Dábamos, Dabais, Daban Preterit: Di, Diste, Dio, Dimos, Disteis, Dieron Participle: Dado Gerund: Dado Decir (to say) Present: Digo, Dices, Dice, Decimos, Decís, Dicen Imperfect: Decía Preterit: Dije, Dijiste, Dijo, Dijimos, Dijisteis, Dijeron Participle: Dicho Gerund: Diciendo Defender (e:ie) (to defend) Degollar (o:ue) (to decapitate) Derretir(se) (e:i) (to melt) Descender (e:ie) (to descend) Desdecir(se) - Like Decir Desleír (e:i) (to dissolve) Present: Deslío, Deslíes Despertar(se) (e:ie) (to wake up) Desterrar (e:ie) (to exile) Discernir (e:ie) (to discern) Disolver - Like resolver (to dissolve) Divertir(se) (e:ei, e:i) (to amuse) Doler (o:ue) (to hurt) Dormir(se) (to sleep) Present: Duermo, Duermes, Duerme, Dormimos, Dormís, Duermen Imperfect: Dormía Preterit: Dormí, Domriste, Durmío, Durmimos, Durmisteis, Durmieron Participle: Dormido Gerund: Durmiendo Ducir - All verbs ending in ducir conjugate like like conducir Elegir (e:i) (to choose) Embestir (e:i) (to attack) Empezar (e:ie) (to begin) Encender (e:ie) Encomendar (e:ie) (to entrust) Encontrar(se) (o:ue) (to find) Engrosar (o:ue) (to thicken) Enmendar (e:ie) (to amend) Ensangrentar (e:ie) (to cover with blood) Entender (e:ie) (to understand) Enterrar (e:ie) (to bury) Erguir (e:i) (to raise) Errar (e:ie) (to be mistaken) Present: Yerro, Yerras, Yerra, Erramos, Yerran Escocer (o:ue) Escribir (to write) Participle: Escrito Esforzar (o:ue) (to make an effort) Estar - See auxiliary verbs section Ferir - All verbs ending in ferir. (e:i, e:ie) Forzar (o:ue) (to force) Fregar (e:ie) (to mop) Freír (e:i) (to fry) Gemir (e:i:) (to moan) Gerir - All verbs ending in gerir - (e:ie, e:i) Gobernar (e:ie) (to govern) Haber - See auxiliary verbs section Hacer (To do, to make) Present: Hago, Haces, Hace, Hacemos, Hacéis, Hacen Imperfect: Hacía Preterit: Hice, Hiciste, Hizo, Hicimos, Hicisteis, Hicieron Participle: Hecho Heder (e:ie) Helar (e:ie) (to freeze) Henchir (e:i) (to fill) Hendir (e:ie) Herir (e:i , e:ie) (to hurt) Herrar (e:ie) (to shoe) Hervir (e:i, e:ie) (to boil) Holgar (o:ue) (to idle) Imprimir (to print) Participle: Imprimido, Impreso Incensar (e:ie) (to insence) Inquirir - Like adquirir (to inquire) Invernar (e:ie) (to hibernate) Invertir (i:ie) (to invent) Ir (To go) Present: Voy, Vas, Va, Vamos, Vais, Van Imperfect: Iba, Ibas, Iba, Ibamos, Ibais, Iban Preterit: Fui, Fuiste, Fue, Fuimos, Fuisteis, Fueron Future: Iré Participle: Ido Gerund: Yendo Jugar (To play) Present: Juego, Juegas, Juega, Jugamos, Jugáis, Juegan Llover (o:ue) (to rain) Maldecir - Like decir (To curse) Manifestar (e:ie) (to declare) Medir (e:i) (to measure) Mentar (e:ie) (to mention) Mentir (e:ie, e:i) (to lie) Merendar (e:ie) (to remember) Moler (o:ue) (to grind) Morder (o:ue) (to bite) Morir (o:ue) (to die) Participle: Muerto Mostrar (o:ue) (to show) Mover (o:ue) (to move) Negar(se) (e:ie) (to deny) Nevar (e:ie) (to snow) Oír (to hear) Present: Oigo, Oyes, Oye, Oímos, Oís, Oyen Oler (o:ue) (to smell) Present: Huelo, Hueles, Huele, Olemos, Oléis, Huelen Pedir (e:i) (to request) Pensar (e:ie) (to think) Perder(se) (e:ie) (to lose) Plegar (e:ie) (to fold) Poblar (o:ue) (to populate) Poder (o:ue) (to be able to/to can) Present: Puedo, Puedes, Puede, Podemos, Podéis, Pueden Preterit: Pude, Pudiste, Pudo, Pudimos, Pudisteis, Pudieron Future: Podré, Podrás, Podrá, Podremos, Podréis, Podran Conditional: Podría, Podrías, Podría, Podríamos, Podríais, Podrían Gerund: Pudiendo Poner (to put, to place) Present: Pongo, Pones, Pone, Ponemos, Ponéis, Ponen Imperfect: Ponía, Ponías Preterit: Puse, Pusiste, Puso, Pusimos, Pusisteis, Pusieron Future: Pondré, Pondrás Conditional: Pondría, Pondrías Participle: Puesto Probar (o:ue) (to prove) Quebrar (e:ie) (to break) Querer (e:ei) (To want) Present: Quiero, Quieres, Quiere, Queremos, Queréis, Queren Preterit: Quise, Quisiste, Quiso, Quisimos, Quisisteis, Quisieron Future: Querré Conditional: Querría Recomendar (e:ie) (to recommend) Recordar (o:ue) (to remember) Recostar (o:ue) Regar (e:ie) (to water) Regir (e:i) (to prevail) Regoldar (o:ue) Reír (e:i) (to laugh) Present: Río, Ríes Remendar (e:ie) (to mend) Rendir (e:i) (to render) Renovar (o:ue) (to renew) Reñir (e:i) (to fight) Repetir (e:i) (to repeat) Requerir (e:i, e:ie) (to require) Resollar (o:ue) Resolver (to solve) Participle: Resuelto Restregar (e:ie) Reventar (e:ie) (to burst) Revolcar (o:ue) Rodar (o:ue) (to roll) Rogar (o:ue) (to request) Romper (To break) Participle: Roto Saber (To know) Present: Sé, Sabes, Sabe, Sabemos, Sabéis, Saben Preterit: Supe, Supiste, Supo, Supimos, Supisteis, Supieron Future: Sabré, Sabrás Salir (to leave, to quit, to go out) Present: Salgo, Sales, Sale, Salimos, Salís, Salen Future: Saldré, Saldrás Satisfacer (To satisfy) Present: Satisfago, Satisfaces, Satisface Preterit: Satisfice, Satisficiste, Satisfizo, Satisficimos, Satisficisteis, Satisficieron Participle: Satisfecho Segar (e: ie) (to harvest) Seguir (e:i) (to follow) Sembrar (e:ie) (to seed) Sentar(se) (e:ie) (to sit) Sentir (e:ie, e:i) (to feel) Ser (to be) Present: Soy, Eres, Es, Somos, Sois, Son Imperfect: Era, Eras, Era, Éramos, Erais, Eran Preterit: Fui, Fuiste, Fue, Fuimos, Fuisteis, Fueron Future: Seré, Serás, Será, Seremos, Seréis, Serán Conditional: Sería, Serías, Sería, Seríamos, Seríais, Serían Participle: sido Serrar (e:ie) (to saw) Servir (e:i) (to serve) Soldar (o:ue) (to weld) Soler (o:ue) (to be accustomed to) Soltar (o:ue) (to loosen) Sonar (o:ue) (to sound) Soñar (o:ue) (to dream) Sosegar(se) (e:ie) (to calm) Temblar (e:ie) (to shake) Templar (e:ie) (to warm up) Tender (e:ie)(to tend) Tener (to have) Present: Tengo, Tienes, Tiene, Tenemos, Tenéis, Tienen Imperfect: Tenía, Tenías Preterit: Tuve, Tuviste, Tuvo, Tuvimos, Tuvisteis, Tuvieron Future: Tendré, Tendrás, Tendrá, Tendremos, Tentréis, Tendrán Conditional: Tendría, Tendrías Participle: tenido Tentar (e:ie) (to touch) Teñir (e:i) Torcer (o:ue) (to twist) Tostar (o:ue) (to toast) Traer (To bring) Present: Traigo, Traes, Trae, Traemos, Traéis, Traen Preterit: Traje, Trajiste, Trajo, Trajimos, Trajisteis, Trajeron Trascender (e:ie) (to extend) Transcender (e:ie) (to extend) Trocar (o:ue) Tronar (o:ue) (to roar) Tropezar (e:ie) Valer (to be worth) Present: Valgo, Vales, Vale Future: Valdré, Valdrás Conditional: Valdría, Valdrías Venir (To come) Present: Vengo, Vienes, Viene, Venimos, Venís, Vienen Imperfect: Venía, Venías Preterit: Vine, Viniste, Vino, Vinimos, Vinisteis, Vinieron Future: Vendré, Vendrás Conditional: Vendría, Vendrías Gerund: Viniendo Ver (To see) Present: Veo, Ves, Ve, Vemos, Veis, Ven Imperfect: Veía, Veías, Veía Preterit: Vi, Viste, Vio, Vimos, Visteis, Vieron Future: Veré, Verás Conditional: Vería, Verías Participle: Viendo Gerund: Visto Verter (e:ie) (to spill) Vertir - All verbs ending in Vertir - (e:i, e:ie) Vestir(se) (e:i) (to dress) Volar (o:ue) (to fly) Volcar (o:ue) (to upset) Volver (to return) Participle: Vuelto PORTUGUESE ---------- Abrir (to open) Participle: Aberto Acudir Present: Acudo, acodes, acode Aderir Present: Adiro Advertir Present: Advirto Agir Present: Ajo Agradecer Present: Agradeço Agredir Present: Agrido, Agrides, Agride, Agridem Ansiar Present: Anseio, Anseias, Anseia, Anseiam Arruinar Present: Arruíno, Arruínas, Arruína, Arruínam Aspergir Present: Aspirjo Atribuir Present: Atribuo, Atribuis, Atribui, Atribuímos, Atribuís, Atribuem Bulir Present: Bulo, Boles, Bole, Bolem Caber Present: Caibo Preterite: Coube etc.. Cair Present: Caio, Cais, Cai, Caímos, Caís, Caem Imperfect: Caía etc.. Preterit: Caí, Caíste Cobrir Present: Cubro Participle: Coberto Colorir Present: Coluro Compelir Present: Compilo Crer Present: Creio, Crês, Crê, Cremos, Credes, Crêem Preterite: Cri, Creste, Creu, Cremos, Crestes, Creram Cuspir Present: Cuspo, Cospes, Cospe, Cospem Dar Present: Dou, Dás, Dá, Damos, Dais, Dão Preterite: Dei, Deste, Deu, Demos, Destes, Deram Deduzir Present: Deduzo, Deduzes, Deduz Denegrir Present: Denigro, Denigres, Denigre, Denigrem Despir Present: Disp Dizer Present: Digo, Dizes, Diz, Dizemos, Dizeis, Dizem Preterite: Disse etc... Future: Direi etc.. Conditional: Diria etc... Participle: Dito Doer Present: Dôo/Doo, Dóis, Dói Dormir Present: Durmo Escrever Participle: Escrito Estar - See auxiliary verbs Extorquir Present: Exturco Fazer Present: Faço Preterite: Fiz, Fizeste, Fez, Fizemos, Fizestes, Fizeram Future: Farei etc.. Conditional: Faria etc.. Participle: Feito Ferir Present: Firo Fluir Present: Fluo, Fluis, Flui, Fluímos, Fluís, Fluem Fugir Present: Fujo, Foges, Foge, Fogem Ganhar Participle: Ganho Gastar Participle: Gasto Gerir Present: Giro Haver Present: Hei, Hás, Há, Havemos, Haveis, Hão Imperfect: Havia etc.. Preterite: Houve, Houveste, Houve, Houvemos, Houvestes, Houveram Ir Gerund: Indo Present: Vou, Vais, Vai, Vamos, Ides, Vão Imperfect: Ia etc.. Preterite: Fui, Foste, Foi, Fomos, Fostes, Foram Participle: Ido Ler Present: Leio, Lês, Lê, Lemos, Ledes, Lêem Preterite: Li, Leste, Leu, Lemos, Lestes, Leram Medir Present: Meço Mentir Present: Minto Ouvir Present: Ouço Pagar Participle: Pago Parar Present: Paro, Paras, Pára Pedir Present: Peço Perder Present: Perco Poder Present: Posso Preterite: Pude, Pudeste, Pôde, Pudemos, Pudestes, Puderam Polir Present: Pulo, Pules, Pule, Pulem Pôr Present: Ponho, Pões, Põe, Pomos, Pondes, Põem Imperfect: Punha etc.. Preterite: Pus, Puseste, Pôs, Pusemos, Pusestes, Puseram Future: Porei etc.. Conditional: Poria etc... Participle: Posto Gerund: Pondo Preferir Present: Prefiro Prevenir Present: Previno, Prevines, Previne, Previnem Prover Present: Provejo, Provês, Provê, Provemos, Provedes, Provêem Preterite: Provi, Proveste, Proveu, Provemos, Provestes, Proveram Querer Present: Quero, Queres, Quer Preterite: Quis, Quisest, Quis, Quisemos, Quisestes, Quiseram Refletir Present: Reflito Repetir Present: Repito Requerer Present: Requeiro, Requeres, Requer Reunir Present: Reúno, Reúnes, Reúne, Reúnem Rir Present: Rio, Ris, Ri, Rimos, Rides, Riem Preterite: Ri, Riste, Riu, Rimos, Ristes, Riram Saber Present: Sei, Sabes, Sabe, Sabemos, Sabeis, Sabem Preterite: Soube, Soubeste, Soube, Soubemos, Soubestes, Souberam Seguir Present: Sigo Sentir Present: Sinto Ser Present: Sou, És, É, Somos, Sois, São Imperfect: Era etc... Preterite: Fui, Foste, Foi, Fomos, Fostes, Foram Servir Present: Sirvo Subir Present: Subo, Sobes, Sobe, Sobem Suster Present: Sustenho, Sustens, Sustém, Sustendes, Sustêm Preterite: Sustive, Sustiveste, Susteve, Sustivemos, Sustivestes, Sustiveram Ter - See Auxiliary verbs section Torcer Present: Torço Tossir: Present: Tusso Trair Present: Traio, Trais, Trai, Traímos, Traís, Traem Trazer Present: Trago, Trazes, Graz Preterite: Trouxe, Trouxeste, Trouxe, Trouxemos, Trouxestes, Trouxeram Future: Trarei etc.. Conditional: Traria etc.. Valer Present: Valho Ver Present: Vejo, Vês, Vê, Vemos, Vedes, Vêem Imperfect: Via etc.. Preterite: Vi, Viste, Viu, Vimos, Vistes, Viram Participle: Visto Vir Gerund: Vindo Present: Venho, Vens, Vem, Vimos, Vindes, Vêm Imperfect: Vinha etc... Preterite: VIm, Vieste, Veio, Viemos, Viestes, Vieram Participle: Vindo ITALIAN ------- Accendere (to light) Present: Accendo Past (Preterit): Accesi Future: Accenderò Conditional: Accenderei Participle: Acceso Accludere (to enclose) Present: Accludo Past (Preterit): Acclusi Future: Accluderò Conditional: Accluderei Participle: Accluso Accorgersi (to notice) Present: mi accorgo, ti accorgi, si accorge, ci accorgiamo, vi accorgete, si accorgono Past (Preterit): mi accorsi Future: mi accorgerò Conditional: mi accorgerei Participle: Accorto Addurre (to claim) Present: Adduco Past (Preterit): Addussi Future: Addurrò Conditional: Addurrei Participle: Addotto Andare (to go) Present: Vado, vai, va, andiamo, andate, vanno Past (Preterit): Andai Future: Andrò Conditional: Andrei Participle: Andato Annettere (to add) Present: Annetto Past (Preterit): Annettei Future: Annetterò Conditional: Annetterei Participle: Annesso Apparire (to appear) Present: Appaio, Apparisci, Appare, Appariamo, Apparite, Appaiono Past (Preterit): Apparsi Future: Apparirò Conditional: Apparirei Participle: Apparso Appendere (to hang) Present: Appendo Past (Preterit): Appesi Future: Appenderò Conditional: Appenderei Participle: Appeso Aprire (to open) Present: Apro Past (Preterit): Aprii Future: Aprirò Conditional: Aprirei Participle: Apparso Ardere (to burn) Present: Ardo Past (Preterit): Arsi Future: Arderò Conditional: Arderei Participle: Arso Assistere (to assist) Present: Assisto Past (Preterit): Assistei Future: Assisterò Conditional: Assisterei Participle: Assistito Assumere (to accept) Present: Assumo Past (Preterit): Assunsi Future: Assumerò Conditional: Assumerei Participle: Assunto Bere (to drink) Present: Bevo, Bevi, Beve, Beviamo, Bevete, Bevono Past (Preterit): Bevvi Future: Berrò Conditional: Berrei Participle: Bevuto Cadere (to fall) Present: Cado Past (Preterit): Caddi Future: Cadrò Conditional: Cadrei Participle: Caduto Capire (to understand) Present: Capisco, Capisci, Capisce, Capiamo, Capite, Capiscono Past (Preterit): Capii Future: Capirò Conditional: Capirei Participle: Capito Chiedere (to ask) Present: Chiedo Past (Preterit): Chiesi Future: Chiederò Conditional: Chiederei Participle: Chiesto Chiudere (to close) Present: Chiudo Past (Preterit): Chiusi Future: Chuiderò Conditional: Chuiderei Participle: Chiuso Cingere (to surround) Present: Cingo Past (Preterit): Cinsi Future: Cingerò Conditional: Cingerei Participle: Cinto Cogliere (to pluck) Present: Colgo, Cogli, Coglie, Cogliamo, Cogliete, Cogliete, Colgono Past (Preterit): Colsi Future: Coglierò Conditional: Coglierei Participle: Colto Compiere (to complete) Present: Compio, Compi, Compie, Compiamo, Compiete, Compiono Past (Preterit): Compiei Future: Compierò Conditional: Compierei Participle: Compiuto Comprimere (to compress) Present: Comprimo Past (Preterit): Compressi Future: Comprimerò Conditional: Comprimerei Participle: Compresso Concludere (to conclude) - Has the same irregularities as chiudere Condurre (to drive/to lead) Present: Conduco Past (Preterit): Condussi Future: Condurrò Conditional: Condurrei Participle: Condotto Connetterre (to connect) Present: Connetto Past (Preterit): Connessi Future: Connetterò Conditional: Connetterei Participle: Connesso Conoscere (to know (a person)) Present: Conosco Past (Preterit): Conobbi Future: Conoscerò Conditional: Conoscerei Participle: Conosciuto Coprire (to cover) Present: Copro Past (Preterit): Coprii Future: Coprirò Conditional: Coprirei Participle: Coperto Correre (to run) Present: Corro Past (Preterit): Corsi Future: Correrò Conditional: Correrei Participle: Corso Construire (to build) - Has the same irregularities as capire Crescere (to grow) Present: Cresco Past (Preterit): Crebbi Future: Crescerò Conditional: Crescerei Participle: Cresciuto Cucire (to sew) Present: Cucio, cuci, cuce, cuciamo, cucite, cuciono Past (Preterit): Cucii Future: Cucirò Conditional: Cucirei Participle: Cucito Cuocere (to cook) Present: Cuocio, cuoci, cuoce, cuociamo, coucete, cuociono Past (Preterit): Cossi Future: Cuocerò Conditional: Cuocerei Participle: Cotto Dare (to give) Present: Do, dai, dà, diano, date, danno Past (Preterit): Diedi Future: Darò Conditional: Darei Participle: Dato Decidere (to decide) Present: Decido Past (Preterit): Decisi Future: Deciderò Conditional: Deciderei Participle: Deciso Dedurre (to reduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Deludere (to dissappoint) - Has the same irregularities as alludere Deprimere (to humiliate) - Has the same irregularities as comprimere Difendere (to defend) Present: Difendo Past (Preterit): Difesi Future: Difenderò Conditional: Difenderei Participle: Difeso Dipendere (to depend) - Has the same irregularities as appendere Dipingere (to paint) Present: Dipingo Past (Preterit): Dipinsi Future: Dipingerò Conditional: Dipingerei Participle: Dipinto Dire (to say) Present: Dico, dici, dice, diciamo, dite, dicono Past (Preterit): Dissi Future: Dirò Conditional: Direi Participle: Detto Dirigire (to direct) Present: Dirigo Past (Preterit): Diressi Future: Dirigerò Conditional: Dirigerei Participle: Diretto Discutere (to discuss) Present: Discuto Past (Preterit): Discussi Future: Discuterò Conditional: Discuterei Participle: Discusso Dissuadere (to unrecommend) Present: Dissuado Past (Preterit): Dissuasi Future: Dissuaderò Conditional: Dissuaderei Participle: Dissuaso Distinguere (to distinguish) Present: Distinguo Past (Preterit): Distinsi Future: Distinguerò Conditional: Distinguerei Participle: Distinto Dividere (to divide) Present: Divido Past (Preterit): Divisi Future: Dividerò Conditional: Dividerei Participle: Diviso Dolere (to hurt) Present: Dolgo, duoli, duole, dogliamo, dovete, dolgono Past (Preterit): Dolsi Future: Dorrò Conditional: Dorrei Participle: Doluto Dovere (to have to/must) Present: Devo, devi, deve, dobbiamo, dovete, debbono (devono) Past (Preterit): Dovetti Future: Dovrò Conditional: Dovrei Participle: Dovuto Eccellere (to excel) Present: Eccello Past (Preterit): Eccelsi Future: Eccellerò Conditional: Eccellerei Participle: Eccelso Emergere (to emerge) Present: Emergo Past (Preterit): Emersi Future: Emergerò Conditional: Emergerei Participle: Emerso Erigere (to found) Present: Erigo Past (Preterit): Eressi Future: Erigerò Conditional: Erigerei Participle: Eretto Escludere (to exclude) - Has the same irregularities as alludere Esigere (to demand) Present: Esigo Past (Preterit): Esigei Future: Esigerò Conditional: Esigerei Participle: Esatto Esistere (to exist) Present: Esisto Past (Preterit): Esistei Future: Esisterò Conditional: Esisterei Participle: Esistito Espellere (to ban) Present: Espello Past (Preterit): Espulsi Future: Espellerò Conditional: Espellerei Participle: Espulso Esplodere (to explode) Present: Esplodo Past (Preterit): Esplosi Future: Esploderò Conditional: Esploderei Participle: Esploso Estinguere (to extinguish) - Has the same irregularities has distinguere Fare (to do/to make) Present: Faccio, fai, fa, facciamo, fate, fanno Past (Preterit): Feci Future: Farò Conditional: Farei Participle: Fatto Fendere (to split) Present: Fendo Past (Preterit): Fendei Future: Fenderò Conditional: Fenferei Participle: Fesso figgere (to attach) (more commonly used: affigere) Present: Figgo Past (Preterit): Fissi Future: Figgerò Conditional: Figgerei Participle: Fitto Flettere (to bend) Present: Fletto Past (Preterit): Flettei Future: Fletterò Conditional: Fletterei Participle: Flesso Fondere (to melt) Present: Fondo Past (Preterit): Fusi Future: Fonderò Conditional: Fonderei Participle: Fuso Frangere (to break) Present: Frango Past (Preterit): Fransi Future: Frangerò Conditional: Frangerei Participle: Franto Friggere (to bake) - Has the same irregularities as affliggere Giacere (to lay) Present: Giacco, Giaci, Giace, Giaciamo, Giacete, Giacciono Past (Preterit): Giacqui Future: Giacerò Conditional: Giacerei Participle: Giaciuto Giungere (to come) Present: Giungo Past (Preterit): Giunsi Future: Giungerò Conditional: Giungerei Participle: Giunto Immergere (to dive/to wet) Present: Immergo Past (Preterit): Immersi Future: Immergerò Conditional: Immergerei Participle: Immerso Includere (to include) - Has the same irregularities as alludere Indurre (to lead to) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Introdurre (to introduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Invadare (to invade/to occupy) Present: Invado Past (Preterit): Invasi Future: Invaderò Conditional: Invaderei Participle: Invaso Leggere (to read) Present: Leggo Past (Preterit): Lessi Future: Leggerò Conditional: Leggerei Participle: Letto Mettere (to put) Present: Metto Past (Preterit): Misi Future: Metterò Conditional: Metterei Participle: Messo Mordere (to bite) Present: Mordo Past (Preterit): Morsi Future: Morderò Conditional: Morderei Participle: Morso Morire (to die) Present: Muoio, muori, muore, moriamo, morite, muoiono Past (Preterit): Morii Future: Morirò Conditional: Morirei Participle: Morto Muovere (to move) - Has the same irregularities as mordere, except for the participle: Participle: Mosso Nascere (to be born) - Has the same irregularities as conoscere, except for the participle: Participle: Nato Nascondere (to hide) - Has the same irregularities as mordere, except for the participle: Participle: Nascosto Nutrire (to feed) - Has the same irregularities as capire Offendere (to offend) Present: Offendo Past (Preterit): Offesi Future: Offenderò Conditional: Offenderei Participle: Offeso Offrire (to offer) Present: Offro Past (Preterit): Offrii Future: Offrirò Conditional: Offrirei Participle: Offerto Opprimere (to oppress) - Has the same irregularities as comprimere Parere (to shine) Present: Paio, pari, pare, paiamo, parete, paiono Past (Preterit): Parvi Future: Parrò Conditional: Parrei Participle: Parso Percuotere (to hit) Present: Percuoto Past (Preterit): Percossi Future: Percuoterò Conditional: Percuoterei Participle: Percosso Perdere (to lose) Present: Perdo Past (Preterit): Persi Future: Perderò Conditional: Perderei Participle: Perso Persuadere (to convince) - Has the same irregularities as dissuadere Piacere (to like) Present: Piaccio, Piaci, Piace, Piacciamo, Piacete, Piacciono Past (Preterit): Piacqui Future: Piacerò Conditional: Piacerei Participle: Pianto Piovere (to rain) - This verb only as a third person, you can't say "I rain", but only "It rains" Present: Piove Past (Preterit): Piovve Future: Pioverà Conditional: Pioverebbe Participle: Piovuto Porre (to put down) Present: Pongo, poni, pone, poniamo, ponete, pongono Past (Preterit): Posi Future: Porrò Conditional: Porrei Participle: Posto Potere (to be able/can) Present: Posso, puoi, può, possiamo, potete, possono Past (Preterit): Potei Future: Potrò Conditional: Potrei Participle: Potuto Prendere (to take) Present: Prendo Past (Preterit): Presi Future: Prenderò Conditional: Prenderei Participle: Preso Presumere (to presume) - Has the same irregularities as assumere Produrre (to produce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Proteggere (to protect) Present: Proteggo Past (Preterit): Protessi Future: Proteggerò Conditional: Proteggerei Participle: Protetto Pungere (to stab) Present: Pungo Past (Preterit): Punsi Future: Pungerò Conditional: Pungerei Participle: Punto Radere (to shear) Present: Rado Past (Preterit): Rasi Future: Raderò Conditional: Raderei Participle: Raso Reggere (to bear/to stand) - Has the same irregularities as leggere Rendere (to return/to give back) - Has the same irregularities as prendere Reprimere (to supress) - Has the same irregularities as comprimere Retrocedere (to withdraw) Present: Retrocedo Past (Preterit): Retrocedei Future: Retrocederò Conditional: Retrocederei Participle: Retroceduto Ridere (to laugh) - Has the same irregularities as prendere Ridurre (to reduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Rimanere (to stay/to remain) Present: Rimango, Rimani, Rimane, Rimaniamo, Rimanete, Rimangono Past (Preterit): Romasi Future: Rimarrò Conditional: Rimarrei Participle: Rimasto Riprodurre (to reproduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Risolvere (to resolve) - Has the same irregularities as assolvere Rispondere (to respond/to answer) Present: Rispondo Past (Preterit): Risposi Future: Risponderò Conditional: Risponderei Participle: Risposto Rompere (to break) Present: Rompo Past (Preterit): Ruppi Future: Romperò Conditional: Romperei Participle: Rotto Salire (to raise) Present: Salgo, Sali, Sale, Saliamo, Salite, Salgono Past (Preterit): Salii Future: Salirò Conditional: Salirei Participle: Salito Sapere (to know) Present: So, sai, sa, sappiamo, sapete, sanno Past (Preterit): Seppi Future: Saprò Conditional: Saprei Participle: Saputo Scegliere (to choose) Present: Scelgo, scelgi, scelgie, scegliamo, scegliete, scelgono Past (Preterit): Scelsi Future: Sceglierò Conditional: Sceglierei Participle: Scelto Scendere (to go down) Present: Scendo Past (Preterit): Scesi Future: Scenderò Conditional: Scenderei Participle: Sceso Sciogliere (to dissolve) - Has the same irregularities as cogliere Scomparire (to dissappear) - Has the same irregularities sa appararire Scoprire (to discover) - Has the same irregularities coprire Scorgere (to notice) Present: Scorgo Past (Preterit): Scorsi Future: Scorgerò Conditional: Scorgerei Participle: Scorto Scrivere (to write) - Has the same irregularities as leggere Sedere (to sit) Present: Siedo, Siedi, Siede, Sediamo, Sedete, Siedono Past (Preterit): Sedei Future: Sederò Conditional: Sederei Participle: Seduto Sedurre (to seduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Smettere (to stop/to quit) - Has the same irregularities as mettere Soffrire (to suffer) - Has the same irregularities as offrire Solere (to be normal/common) Present: Soglio, Suoli, Suole, Sogliamo, Solete, Sogliono Past (Preterit): Solei Future: - (does not exist) Conditional: - (does not exist) Participle: Solito Sommergere (to submerge) - Has the same irregularities as immergere Sopprimere (to abolish) - Has the same irregularities as comprimere Sorgere (to stand up) - Has the same irregularities as leggere, except the participle: Participle: Sorto Spandere (to expand) Present: Spando Past (Preterit): Spansi Future: Spanderò Conditional: Spanderei Participle: Spanto Spargere (to spread) Present: Spargo Past (Preterit): Sparsi Future: Spargerò Conditional: Spargerei Participle: Sparso Spendere (to spend) Present: Spendo Past (Preterit): Spesi Future: Spenderò Conditional: Spenderei Participle: Speso Spingere (to push) Present: Spingo Past (Preterit): Spinsi Future: Spingerò Conditional: Spingerei Participle: Spinto Stare (to stay/to remain) Present: Sto, stai, sta, stiamo, state, stanno Past (Preterit): Stetti Future: Starò Conditional: Starei Participle: Stato Stendere (to spread) - Has the same irregularities as tendere Stingere (to push/to force) Present: Stringo Past (Preterit): Strinsi Future: Stringerò Conditional: Stringerei Participle: Stretto Struggere (to melt/to digest) Present: Struggo Past (Preterit): Strussi Future: Struggerò Conditional: Struggerei Participle: Strutto Succedere (to succeed (next)/to happen) Present: Succedo Past (Preterit): Successi Future: Succederò Conditional: Succederei Participle: Successo Tacere (to remain silent) Present: Tacio, taci, tace, tacciamo, tacete, tacciono Past (Preterit): Tacqui Future: Tacerò Conditional: Tacerei Participle: Taciuto Tendere (to stretch) Present: Tendo Past (Preterit): Tesi Future: Tenderò Conditional: Tenderei Participle: Teso Tenere (to keep) Present: Tengo, tieni, tiene, teniamo, tenete, tengono Past (Preterit): Tenni Future: Terrò Conditional: Terei Participle: Tenuto Tingere (to paint) Present: Tingo Past (Preterit): Tinsi Future: Tingerò Conditional: Tingerei Participle: Tinto Togliere (to take away/to remove) - Has the same irregularities as cogliere Tradurre (to translate) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Trarre (to pull) Present: Traggo, trai, trae, traiamo, traete, traggono Past (Preterit): Trassi Future: Trarrò Conditional: Trarrei Participle: Tratto Uccidere (to kill) Present: Uccido Past (Preterit): Uccisi Future: Ucciderò Conditional: Ucciderei Participle: Ucciso Udire (to hear, to listen) Present: Odo, odi, ode, udiamo, udite, odono Past (Preterit): Udii Future: Udirò Conditional: Udirei Participle: Udito Uscire (to go out) Present: Esce, esci, esce, usciamo, uscite, escono Past (Preterit): Uscii Future: Uscirò Conditional: Uscirei Participle: Uscito Vedere (to see) Present: Vedo Past (Preterit): Vidi Future: Vedrò Conditional: Vedrei Participle: Visto Venire (to come) Present: Vengo, Vieni, Viene, Veniamo, Venite, Vengono Past (Preterit): Venni Future: Verrò Conditional: Verrei Participle: Venuto Vincere (to conquer) Present: Vinco Past (Preterit): Vinsi Future: Vincerò Conditional: Vincerei Participle: Vinto Vivere (to live) Present: Vivo Past (Preterit): Vissi Future: Vivrò Conditional: Vivrei Participle: Vissuto/Vivuto Volere (to want) Present: Voglio, vuoi, vuole, vogliamo, volete, vogliono Past (Preterit): Volli Future: Vorrò Conditional: Vorrei Participle: Voluto Volgere (to turn around) Present: Volgo Past (Preterit): Volsi Future: Volgerò Conditional: Volgerei Participle: Volto FRENCH ------ Absoudre (To forgive) Present: J'absous, Nous absolvons Past: J'absolvais Future: J'absoudrai Conditional: J'absoudrais Participle: absous Abstenir (s') (To withhold) - Like Tenir Acquérir (To get (hold off)) Present: J'acquiers, Tu acquiers, Nous acquérons, Vous acquérez, Ils acquièrent Past: J'acquérais Future: J'acquerrai Conditional: J'acquerrais Participle: J'ai acquis Admettre (To admit) - Like Mettre Aller (To go) Present: Je vais, Tu vas, Il va, Nous allons, Vous allez, Ils vont Past: J'allais, Tu allais Future: J'irai, Tu iras, Il ira, Nous irons, Vous irez, Ils iront Conditional: J'irais, Tu irais Perfect: Je suis allé Apparaître (To appear to) - Like Connaître Appartenir (To belong to) - Like Tenir Appartenir (To belong to) - Like Tenir Apprendre (To learn) - Like Prendre Assaillir (To attack) Present: J'assaille Past: J'assaillais Future: J'assaillirai Conditional: J'assaillirais Participle: assailli Astreindre (To be forced to) - Like Peindre Atteindre (To reach) - Like Peindre Battre (To hit) Present: Je bats, Nous battons, Ils battent Past: Je battais Future: Je battrai Conditional: Je battrais Participle: battu Boire (To drink) Present: Je bois, Nous buvons, Ils boivent Past: Je buvais Future: Je boirai Conditional: Je boirais Participle: bu Bouillir (To boil) Present: Je bous, Nous bouillons, Ils bouillent Past: Je bouillais Future: Je bouillirai Conditional: Je bouillirais Perfect: J'ai bouilli Ceindre (To surround) - Like Peindre Circonscrire (To encircle) - Like Écrire Commettre (To commit) - Like Mettre Commettre (To commit) - Like Mettre Comprendre (To understand) - Like Prendre Conclure (To decide) Present: Je conclus, Nous concluons, Ils concluent Past: Je concluais Future: Je conclurai Conditional: Je conclurais Perfect: J'ai conclu Concourir (To cooperate) - Like Courir Conduire (To lead) Present: Je conduis, Nous conduisons Past: Je conduisais Future: Je conduirai Conditional: Je conduirais Perfect: J'ai conduit Connaître (To know (a person)) Present: Je connais, Tu connais, Il connaît, Nous connaissons, Vous connaissez, Ils connaissent Past: Je connaissais Future: Je connaîtrai Conditional: Je connaîtrais Perfect: J'ai connu Conquérir (To conquer) - Like Acquérir Consentir (To agree) - Like Mentir Construire (To construct) - Like Conduire Contenir (To contain) - Like Tenir Contraindre (To force) - Like Craindre Contrefaire (To imitate) - Like Faire Contrevenir (To contravene / To break (the law)) - Like Venir Convenir (To recognise / To agree) - Like Venir Courir (To walk) Present: Je cours Past: Je courais Future: Je courrai Conditional: Je courrais Perfect: J'ai couru Couvrir (To cover) - Like Ouvrir Craindre (To fear) Present: Je crains, Tu crains, Il craint, Nous craignons, Vous craignez, Ils craignent Past: Je craignais Future: Je craindrai Conditional: Je crandrais Perfect: J'ai craint Croire (To believe) Present: Je crois, Nous croyons, Ils croient Past: Je croyais Future: Je croirai Conditional: Je croirais Perfect: J'ai cru Croître (To serve) Present: Je croîs, Nous croissons, Ils croissent Past: Je croissais Future: Je croîtrai Conditional: Je croîtrais Perfect: J'ai crû Cuire (To bake / To fry / To toast) - Like Conduire Découvrir (To discover) - Like Ouvrir Décrire (To describe) - Like Écrire Déduire (To divert) - Like Conduire Défaire (To undo) - Like Faire Démettre (To fire (an employee)) - Like Mettre Dépeindre (To describe) - Like Peindre Détenir (To detain) - Like Tenir Détruire (To destruct) - Like Conduire Devenir (To become) - Like Venir Dire (To say) Present: Je dis, Nous disons, Vous dites, Ils disent Past: Je disais Future: Je dirai Conditional: Je dirais Perfect: J'ai dit Disconvenir (To deny) - Like Venir Discourir (To reason) - Like Courir Disparaître (To dissappear) - Like Connaître Dissoudre (To solve) - Like Absoudre Dormir (To sleep) Present: Je dors, Nous dormons, Vous dormez, Ils dorment Past: Je dormais Future: Je dormirai Conditional: Je dormirais Perfect: J'ai dormi Écrire (To write) Present: J'écris, Nous écrivons, Ils écrivent Past: J'crivais Future: J'écrirai Conditional: J'écrirais Perfect: J'ai écrit Élire (To choose / To vote) - Like Lire Émettre (To emit) - Like Mettre Enduire (To catch (a cold)) - Like Conduire Enfreindre (To violate) - Like Peindre Entreprendre (To undertake) - Like Prendre Envoyer (To send) Present: J'envoie, Tu envoies, Nous envoyons Past: J'allais, Tu allais, Nous envoyions Future: J'enverrai Conditional: J'enverrais Perfect: J'ai envoyé Éteindre (To put out (the fire)) - Like Peindre Étreindre (To embrace) - Like Peindre Faire (To do/ To make) Present: Je fais, Nous faisons, Vous faites, Ils font Past: Je faisais Future: Je ferai Conditional: Je ferais Perfect: J'ai fait Falloir (To have to) This verb is a special verb which does not have multiple persons. All forms are 3rd person singular. Present: Il faut Past: Il faillait Future: Il faudra Conditional: Il faudrait Perfect: Il a fallu Fuir (To flee) Present: Je fuis, Nous fuyons, Ils fuient Past: Je fuyais Future: Je fuirai Conditional: Je fuirais Perfect: J'ai fui Induire (To take to / To lead to) - Like Conduire Inscrire (To Inscribe) - Like Écrire Instruire (To instruct / To teach) - Like Conduire Interdire (To forbid) - Like Dire Intervenir (To intervene) - Like Venir Lire (To read) Present: Je lis, Nous lisons, Ils lisent Past: Je lisais Future: Je lirai Conditional: Je lirais Perfect: J'ai lu Maintenir (To maintain) - Like Tenir Mentir (To lie/To be dishonest) Present: Je mens, Nous mentons, Ils mentent Past: Je mentais Future: Je mentirai Conditional: Je mentirais Perfect: J'ai menti Méprendre (se) (To be mistaken) - Like Prendre Mettre (To put) Present: Je mets, Nous mettons Past: Je mettais Future: Je mettrai Conditional: Je mettrais Perfect: J'ai mis Mourir (To die) Present: Je meurs, Nous mourons, Ils meurent Past: Je mourais Future: Je mourrai Conditional: Je mourrais Perfect: Je suis mort (ms)/ morte (fs)/ morts (mp)/ mortes (fp) Mouvoir (To move) Present: Je meus, Nous mouvons, Ils meuvent Past: Je mouvais Future: Je mouvrai Conditional: Je mouvrais Perfect: J'ai mû Naître (To be born) Present: Je nais, Il naît, Nous naissons Past: Je naissais Future: Je naîtrai Conditional: Je naîtrais Perfect: Je suis né (ms) / née (fs) / nés (mp) / nées (fp) Obtenir (To obtain) - Like Tenir Offrir (To offer) Present: J'offre, Nous offrons Past: J'offrais Future: Je offrirai Conditional: Je offrirais Perfect: J'ai offert Ommettre (To omit) - Like Mettre Ouvir (To open) Present: J'ouvre Past: J'ouvrais Future: J'ouvrirai Conditional: J'ouvrirais Perfect: J'ai ouvert Paraître (To appear) - Like Connaître Partir (To leave) Present: Je pars, Nous partons Past: Je partais Future: Je partirai Conditional: Je partirais Perfect: J'suis parti (ms) / partie (fs) / partis (mp) / parties (fp) Peindre (To paint) Present: Je peins, Nous peignons, Ils peignent Past: Je peignais Future: Je peindrai Conditional: Je peindrais Perfect: J'ai peint Permettre (To Permit) - Like Mettre Plaindre (To complain) - Like Craindre Plaire (To please) Present: Je plais, Il plaît, Nous plaisons Past: Je plaisais Future: Je plairai Conditional: Je plairais Perfect: J'ai plu Pouvoir (To be able to/ To can) Present: Je peux (Je puis), Tu peux, Il peut, Nous pouvons, Ils peuvent Past: Je pouvais Future: Je pourrai Conditional: Je pourrais Perfect: J'ai pu Prendre (To take) Present: Je prends, Nous prenons, Ils prennent Past: Je prenais Future: Je prendrai Conditional: Je prendrais Perfect: J'ai pris Prescrire (To order) - Like Écrire Prévenir (To prevent) - Like Venir Prévoir (To foresee) - Like Voir Produire (To produce / To cause) - Like Conduire Prommettre (To promise) - Like Mettre Proscrire (To ban) - Like Écrire Réconnaître (To recognize) - Like Connaître Recourir (To resort to) - Like Courir Recouvrir (To recover) - Like Ouvrir Redire (To repeat) - Like Dire Refaire (To redo) - Like Faire Répartir (To divide) - Like Partir Repentir (se) (To regret) - Like Mentir Requérir (To demand) - Like Acquérir Résoudre (To solve/ To decide) Present: Je résous, Nous résolvons Past: Je résolvais Future: Je résoudrai Conditional: Je résoudrais Perfect: J'ai résolu Restreindre (To restrain) - Like Peindre Retenir (To retain) - Like Tenir Revenir (To return) - Like Venir Rire (To laugh) Present: Je ris, Nous rions, Ils rient Past: Je riais Future: Je rirai Conditional: Je rirais Perfect: J'ai ri S'Asseoir (To sit) Present: Je m'assieds, Nous nous asseyons, Ils s'asseyent Past: Je m'asseyais Future: Je m'assiérai Conditional: Je m'assiérais Perfect: Je me suis assis (ms) / assise (fs) / assis (mp) / assises (fp) Satisfaire (To satisfy) - Like Faire Savoir (To know) Present: Je sais, Nous savons Past: Je savais Future: Je saurai Conditional: Je saurais Perfect: J'ai su Secourir (To assist / To help) - Like Courir Séduire (To seduct) - Like Conduire Sentir (To feel/ To smell) - Like Mentir Servir (To serve) Present: Je sers, Nous servons, Ils servent Past: Je servais Future: Je servirai Conditional: Je servirais Perfect: J'ai servi Sortir (To exit) - Like Partir Souffrir (To suffer / To tolerate) - Like Offrir Soumettre (To subject) - Like Mettre Souscrire (To sign) - Like Écrire Soutenir (To sustain / To support) - Like Tenir Souvenir (se) (To remember) - Like Venir Suivre (To follow) Present: Je suis, Nous suivons, Ils suivent Past: Je suivais Future: Je suivrai Conditional: Je suivrais Perfect: J'ai suivi Surfaire (To overestimate) - Like Faire Surprendre (To surprise) - Like Prendre Survivre (To survive) - Like Vivre Taire (se) (To be silent) - Like Plaire Teindre (To paint) - Like Peindre Tenir (To hold/To keep) Present: Je tiens, Nous tenons, Ils tiennent Past: Je tenais Future: Je tiendrai Conditional: Je tiendrais Perfect: J'ai tenu Transcrire (To overwrite) - Like Écrire Transmettre (To transmit) - Like Mettre Tresaillir (To shake) - Like Assaillir Vaincre (To win) Present: Je vaincs, Il vainc, Nous vainquons, Ils vainquent Past: Je vainquais Future: Je vaincrai Conditional: Je vaincrais Perfect: J'ai vaincu Valoir (To be worth) Present: Je vaux, Il vaut, Nous valons Past: Je valais Future: Je vaudrai Conditional: Je vaudrais Perfect: J'ai valu Venir (To come) Present: Je viens, Nous venons, Ils viennent Past: Je venais Future: Je viendrai Conditional: Je viendrais Perfect: Je suis venu (ms) / venue (fs) / venus (mp) / venues (fp) Vêtir (To dress) Present: Je vêts, Nous vêtons Past: Je vêtais Future: Je vêtirai Conditional: Je vêtirais Perfect: J'ai vêtu Vivre (To live) Present: Je vis, Nous vivons, Ils vivent Past: Je vivais Future: Je vivrai Conditional: Je vivrais Perfect: J'ai vécu Voir (To see) Present: Je vois, Nous voyons, Ils voient Past: Je voyais Future: Je verrai Conditional: Je verrais Perfect: J'ai vu Vouloir (To want) Present: Je veux, Nous voulons, Ils veulent Past: Je voulais Future: Je voudrai Conditional: Je voudrais Perfect: J'ai voulu Past Perfect: J'avais voulu ------------ PREPOSITIONS ------------ ES PT IT FR About (The book is about a castle) Sobre Sobre Sopra Sur About (In about five minutes) Acerca (de) Acerca de Circa Environ Above (It flies above the house) Encima (de) Acima de Sopra Au-dessus After (After the party) Después Depois Dopo Depuis Around (It's around the house) Alrededor (de) Em volta de Attorno a Autour de At (We're at the party) En Em Su à At the end of Al fondo (de) Before (Before you go) Antes (de) Antes de Prima di Avant Behind (I'm behind the house) Detrás (de) Atrás de Dietro Derrière Below (It crawls below the house) Debajo (de) Embaixo de Sotto Sous Beneath (It crawls beneath the house) Debajo (de) Embaixo de Sotto Sous Between (It's between the towers) Entre Entre Tra Entre Beyond (It's beyond the bridge) Más allá (de) Além de al di là di Au-delà de By (Stand by the light) Por Perto de Per Près/Chez By (We go by bus) Por Por Per En/à/Par Down (Look down the stairs) Abajo Embaixo de Sotto Sous During Durante Durante Durante Pendant/Durant For (This is for you) Para Para Per Pour From (This is from my father) De De Di De In (I'm in the house) En/Dentro (de) Em/Dentro de In/Dentro Dans In (In the summer) En em In En In (I'll be there in five minutes) En Em Tra Dans Inside Dentro de Dentro de Dentro Dans Into (I go into the house) En Em In Dans In front of Delante (de) Em frente (de) Davanti Devant In the middle of En el centro (de) No meio (de) Near (It's near you) Cerca (de) Perto (de) Presso Près On (The book is on the table) En Em Su Sur On top of Encima (de) Em cima (de) In cima a En haut de Opposite to (It's opposite to you) Enfrente (de) Em frente (de) Di fronte a En face de Outside Fuera (de) Fora (de) Fuori di Hors de Over (I jump over the gap) Por encima (de) Por cima Entro Au-dessus Past (I walk past the house) Por delante Por Lungo Le long de Through (I walk through the door) A través (de) Através (de) Attraverso A travers/Par To (I walk to the house) A A A A To (This object helps to walk) Por Por Per Towards (I go towards the house) Hacia Em direção a Under (It's under the table) Debajo (de) Embaixo(de)(BR) Sotto Dessous/Sous Debaixo(de)(PT) Until (Only until 3pm) Hasta Até Fino a Jusqu`a/A With (I walk with you) Con Com Con Avec Without (I go without you) Sin Sem Senza Sans ------------ CONJUNCTIONS ------------ ES PT IT FR According to Según Segundo Secondo Selon Although Aunque Embora Sebbene Bien que And Y E E Et As (as we grow we get....) Conforme/Según Conforme As soon as Tan pronto como Assim que Non appena Aussitôt que Because Porque Porque Perché Parce que Before Antes (de) que Antes que Prima che Avant que But Pero/Mas Mais Ma/Però Mais Even if Aun cuando Mesmo que Si If Si Se Se Si In spite of Pese a que Apesar de Malgrado Malgré In such as way that Nevertheless A pesar de que Todavia Tuttavia Pourtant On the contrary Al contrario muito pelo ~ Al contrario Au contraire contrário Or O Ou O Ou Provided that A condición de que Contanto que A condizione A condition de quexs que Since (Since yesterday) Desde Desde que Dacché Depuis que Since (I will do it since it's) Para que Visto que Poiché Puisque So Así que De modo que Dunque Donc Unless A menos que no A menos que no A meno che non á moins que ne Until Hasta que Até que Finché Jusqu'à ce que While Mientras que Enquanto Mentre Pendant que With con que Com que Con che Avec que Without sin que Sem que Senza che Sans que -------------------------- COMMONLY USED EXCLAMATIONS -------------------------- ES PT IT FR Yes Sí Sim Si Oui No No Não Non Non Hello Hola Olá Ciao Salut How do you do? ¿Como está? Como está? Come stai? Ça va? Good day Buenos días Bom dia Buongiorno Bonjour Goodbye Adiós Adeus Ciao Adieu See you Hasta la vista Até logo Arrivederci Au revoir Sorry Desculpame Desculpe-me Scusate Pardon Thank you Gracias Obrigado Grazie Merci Welcome Bienvenido Bemvindo Benvenuto Bienvenue ----------------------------------- COMMONLY USED ADVERBS: TIME RELATED ----------------------------------- ES PT IT FR already ya já già déjà always siempre sempre sempre toujours constantly constantemente constantemente continuo constamment daily diario diário quotidiano quotidien early temprano cedo mattutino tôt ever alguna vez alguma vez mai jamais frequently frecuentamente freqüentemente spesso frequentement late tarde tarde tardivo tard lately últimamente ultimamente ultimamente dernièrement later más tarde mais tarde poi plus tard never nunca/jámas nunca non...mai ne...jamais now ahora agora ora maintenant nowadays hoy en día hoje em dia actuellement à présent often muchas veces muitas vezes spesso souvent rarely raramente raramente raramente rarement seldom rara vez raramente raramente rarement shortly en breve em breve brievement sometime alguna día algum dia una volta une fois sometimes a veces às vezes qualche volta quelquefois a menudo parfois soon pronto logo presto bientôt still todavía/aún ainda ancora encore tomorrow mañana amanhã domani demain usually usualmente normalmente usualemente normalment weekly semanalmente semanalmente settimanale hebdomadairement yearly anualmente anualmente all'anno annuel yesterday ayer ontem Ieri hier -------------------------------------- COMMONLY USED ADVERS: LOCATION RELATED -------------------------------------- ES PT IT FR far lejos muito longe lontano loin here aquí/acá aqui qui ici left al la izquierda à esquerda a sinistra à gauche near cerca perto presso tout-près right al la derecha à direita a destro à droit there allí/allá/ahí aí, ali, lá là là-bas ----------------------------------------- COMMONLY USED ADVERS: STATE/LEVEL RELATED ----------------------------------------- ES PT IT FR bad mal ruim malo mouvais fast rapidamente rapidamente rapidamente rapidement hardly casi no/apenas apenas appena à peine loud alto alto alto haut slowly lentamente lentamente lentamente lentement softly blandamente suavemente morbidamente doucement very muy mui assai très well bien bem bene bien ------------------------------------------- COMMONLY USED ADVERS: (UN)CERTAINTY RELATED ------------------------------------------- ES PT IT FR actually en realidad realmente in realtà au fond realmente reale actualmente infatti certainly ciertamente certamente certamente certainement impossibly likely probablemente provavelmente probabilmente probablement maybe quizá(s) talvez forse peut-être tal vez/acaso naturally naturalmente naturalmente naturalmente naturellement of course por supuesto naturalmente naturalmente naturellement only solamente somente solo seulement probably probablemente provavelmente probabilmente probablement unlikely improbable improvavelmente improbabilmente improbablement ------------------------ COMMONLY USED ADJECTIVES ------------------------ ES PT IT FR alive vivo/viviente vivo vivo/vivente vivant antique antiguo antigo antico antique available disponible disponível disponible disponible awful tremendo terrível terribile terrible bad malo mau/má cattivo mauvais beautiful hermoso/lindo belo/lindo bello/bellino beau (m) belle (f) big grande grande grande grand black negro preto/negro nero noire blue azul azul blu bleu boring aburrido chato/maçante noioso ennuyeux bright claro claro chiaro clair brown moreno/castaño marrom (BR) bruno brun/marron castanho (PT) clean limpio limpo pulito propre clear claro claro chiaro clair closed cerrado fechado chiuso fermé/clos cold frío frio freddo froid common común comum comune commun correct correcto correto corretto correct cosy cómodo aconchegante confortevole agréable daily diario diário quotidiano quotidien dark oscuro escuro oscuro obscur dead muerte morto morto mort defect defecto defeito diffeto défaut dense denso denso denso serré developed desarrollado desenvolvado développé different diferente diferente differente différent difficult difícil difícil difficile difficile dirty sucio sujo sudicio sale/malpropre dry seco seco asciutto sec (m) sèche (f) dumb mudo mudo stupido bête/stupide easy facíl fácil facile facile educative educativo educativo éducatif empty vacío vazio vuoto vide expected esperado esperado aspettato attendu fantastic fantástico fantástico fantastico fantastique far lejano/distante distante distante/remoto lointant/éloigné fast rapido rapido rapido rapide filled llenado ripieno first primero primeiro primo première flying volando volante volant full lleno cheio pieno plein funny cómico engraçado comico amusant/drôle divertido divertido divertente comique gentle suave/dulce leve/suave dulce doux (m), douce (f) good bueno bom bene bon (m), bonne (f) gray/grey gris cinzento grigio gris green verde verde verde vert handsome guapo bonito carino beau happy contento/alegre feliz allegro content/heureux feliz joyeux hard (not soft) duro duro duro dur hard (difficlt) difícil difícil difficile difficile heavy pesado pesado pesante lourd/pesant high alto alto alto haut hollow hueco oco vuoto creux holy sagrado sagrado sacro sacré horrible horrible horrível orribile horrible ill enfermo/malo doente ammalato malade improved mejorado melhorado migliorato amélioré incorrect incorrecto incorreto incorretto incorrect intelligent inteligente inteligente intelligente intelligent interesting interesante interessante interessante intéressant invited invitado convidado invitato invité known conocido conhecido conoscuto connu large grande grande grande grand last último último ultimo dernière light (bright) claro claro chiaro clair light (weight) ligero leve leggero léger liquid líquido líquido liquido liquide little pequeño pequeno piccolo petit long largo longo lungo longue low bajo baixo baso bas many muchos muitos molti beaucoup des moving movél much mucho muito molto beaucoup de narrow estrecho estreito angusto étroit near cercano vizinho vicino tout-près new nuevo novo nuovo nouveau (m) nouvelle (f) next próximo próximo prossimo suivant siguente siguinte seguente nice agradable/ameno simpático simpatico simpatique simpático amável gentile gentil old viejo velho vecchio vieux (m) vielle (f) open abierto aberto aperto ouvert other otro outro altro autre pink rosa rosa rosa rose poor pobre pobre povero pauvre pretty guapo/lindo bonito carino belle (f) bonito previous previo anterior scorso précédent/antérieur primitive primitivo primitivo primitif purple purpúreo roxo/purpúreo porporino violet quick rápido/pronto rápido rapido rapide red rojo vermelho rosso rouge rich rico rico ricco riche round redondo redondo rotondo rond same mismo/igual mesmo stesso/uguale même/pareil/égal satisfied satisfecho satisfeito soddisfato satisfait short corto/breve curto/breve corto/breve court bref (m), brève (f) sick enfermo/mareado doente amallato malade similar semejante semalhante simile même/égal slow lento lento lento lent small pequeño pequeno piccolo petit smart listo astuto perspicace malin/fin/futé soft blando/suave mole morbido/polposo mou (m), molle (f) solid sólido sólido solide sparse disperso/escaso escasso splendid espléndido esplêndido formidabile formidable square cuadrado quadrado quadrato carré strange extraño estranho strano étranger strong fuerte forte forte fort terrible terrible terrível terribile terrible thick espeso espesso obeso/spesso épais/gros grasso thin delgado magro/fino sottile/fino mince/ténu/maigre ugly feo feio brutto laid/vilain unexpected inesperado inesperado inaspettato inattendu unhappy infeliz infeliz infelice incontent unique único único unico unique vague vago vago vago vague warm caliente quente caldo chaud weak débil/flojo fraco/débil fiacco/debole faible wet mojado molhado bagnato mouillé white blanco branco bianco blanc wide ancho largo largo large yellow amarillo amarelo giallo jaune young jovén jovem giovane jeune yearly anual anual annuale annuel ------------------- COMMONLY USED VERBS ------------------- * = (semi-)irregular verb ES PT IT FR to accept aceptar aceitar accogliere* accepter to add añadir acrescentar aggiungere* ajouter to agree estar de ~ concordar acconsentire être d'accord acuerdo to allow permitir permitir permettere* permettre to appear parecer aparecer apparire* paraître aparecer apparaître to arrest arrestar prender/deter arrestare arrêter to ask preguntar perguntar domandare* demander to assist asistir/ayudar ajudar assistere* seconder/aider to attack atacar atacar attaccare attaquer assalire* to attend atender atender to bake cocer al horno cozinhar ~ friggere* faire cuire ao forno to be ser*/estar* ser*/estar* essere* être* to be able/can poder* poder* potere* pouvoir* to be born nacer nascer naître to be right tener rázon ter razão avoir raison to become ser/hacerse virar* divenire* devenir ponerse/llegar~ fazer-se a ser tornar-se to begin comenzar* começar cominciare comencer empezar* iniciar iniziare to believe creer crer credere croire to bend combar(se) curvar curvare courber/plier to bite morder morder mordere mordre to bring traer* trazer portare porter to build construir construir costruire construire bâtir to burn quemar* queimar ardere* brûler to buy comprar comprar comprare* acheter to calculate calcular calcular calculare calculer to call llamar chamar chiamare appeler to carry llevar levar portare porter to catch coger* pegar (BR) acchiappare attraper apanhar (PT) catturare to change cambiar mudar cambiare changer modificare to check parar/controlar controlar/parar controllare contrôler to choose escoger*/elegir*escolher scegliere* choisir to close cerrar* fechar chiudere* fermer to come venir* vir* venire* venir to complain quejarse queixar-se lagnarsi se plaindre to comply conformarse cumprir ubbidire cumplir to confront afrontar/carear enfrenter confronter to continue continuar continuar continuare continuer to control mandar controlar controllare contrôler controlar to cook cocinar/cocer cozinhar cucinare cuire to count contar* contar contare compter to create crear criar creare creer to cross atravesar atravessar attravesare traverser cruzar cruzar croiser to cry llorar/gritar chorar/gritar piangere* pleurer to cure curar curar curare guérir to curse maldecir xingar (BR) bestemmiare jurer praguejar (PT) amaldiçoar to cut cortar cortar tagliare (dé)couper to dance bailar dançar ballare dancer to dare osar atrever-se a~ osare oser fazer algo/ ousar to decide decidir decidir decidere* décider to defend defender defender difendere* défendre to demand demandar/exigir exigir esigere* exiger to die morir morrer morire* mourir to dig cavar cavar scavare* creuser to disappear desaparecer desaparecer sparire disparaître to discover descubrir descobrir scoprire* découvrir to discuss hablar de discutir discutere* discuter tratar de to do hacer* fazer* parlare faire to draw dibujar desenhar disegnare dessiner to dream soñar* sonhar sognare rêver to drink beber beber bere boire to drive conducir dirigir (BR) guidare rouler/conduire guiar (PT) to eat comer comer mangiare manger to encounter encontrar encontrar incontrare renconter to enter entrar entrar entrare entrer to erase borrar apagar effacer to escape escapar/evidar* escapar scappare échapper to exist existir existir esistere exister to explain explicar explicar spiegare expliquer to fall caer* cair cadere tomber to fear temer/tener~ temer/ter medo avoir peur miedo to feed dar de comer a dar de comer a nutrire nourrir nutrir to feel sentir* sentir sentire sentir to fight combatir* combater combattere (se) battre batirse con batar-se lottare lutter to find encontrar* encontrar incontrare trouver hallar achar to finish acabar/terminar acabar/terminar terminare finir concluir terminer to fit acomodar caber convenire* aller (bien) to fix fijar fixar riparare réparer to flee huir* fugir fuggire fuir to flow fluir/correr fluir scorrere* couler to fly volar voar volare voler to follow seguir seguir seguire suivre to forget olvidar(se) esquecer dimenticare oublier to free librar pôr em ~ liberare libérer liberdade délivrer to fry freír(se) fritar friggere* faire frire to get coger*/obtener* ficar ottenere* recevoir adquirir* obtenir to give dar* dar dare donner to go ir* ir andare* aller to grow crecer* crescer crescere* croître to hate odiar odiar/detestar odiare détester/haïr to have tener ter* abbere* avoir to have to/must deber/tener que dever/ter que dovere* devoir/falloir to hear oír* ouvir udire* entendre to heat calentar(se) esquentar scaldare chauffer to help ayudar ajudar aiutare aider to hide esconder esconder celare cacher to hit golpear/pegar bater picchiare frapper colpire battre to hold tener*/retener* ter*/conter tenere* tenir guardar segurar to hope esperar esperar sperare espérer to hurt dañar/lastimar machucar/ferir dolere* faire mal herir doer avoir mal to invite invitar convidar invitare inviter to join juntar juntar joindre to joke bromear brincar chansear(se) to judge juzgar julgar giudicare juger to keep mantener manter conservare maintenir preservar ficar conserver conservar to kill matar matar uccidere* tuer to know (prson) conocer* conhecer conoscere* connaître to know (fact) saber* saber sapere* savoir to land aterrizar aterissar (BR) atterare débarquer aterrar (PT) to last durar durar durare durer to laugh reír(se) rir ridere* rire to lay poner* pôr posare mettre colocar* colocar placer dejar* to learn aprender aprender imparare apprendre to leave dejar/salir deixar/sair lasciare quitter to lie mentir mentir mentire mentir to like gustar gostar aimer to listen escuchar escutar ascoltare écouter to live vivir viver vivere* vivre to look mirar olhar guardare regarder to lose perder perder perdere* perdre to love amar amar amare aimer to mix mezclar misturar mescolare mêler/mélanger to maintain mantener manter maintenir to make hacer/construir fazer/construir fare faire to marry casar(se) casar(-se) sposarsi se marier to measure medir medir misurare mesurer to meet encontrar encontrar incontrare renconter to move mover* mover muovere mouvoir to name llamar chamar chiamare appeler/nommer to need necesitar necessitar bisognare avoir besoin de to obey obedecer obedecer ubbidire obéir cumplir cumprir to offer ofrecer oferecer offrire* offrir to open abrir abrir aprire* ouvrir to order ordenar mandar/ordenar ordinare ordonner to participate participar participar partecipare participer to pass pasar passar passare passer to pay pagar* pagar pagare payer to phone llamar chamar chiamare appeler to play jugar* jogar giocare jouer to practice practicar praticar esercitare exercer to pray rezar/orar rezar pregare* prier to promise prometer prometer promettere* promettre to prove probar comprovar provare prouver to provide suministar fornecer provvedere* to push empujar empurrar spingere* pousser to pull tirar puxar tirare tirer to put poner*/colocar pôr posare mettre to reach alcanzar alcançar to read leer* ler leggere* lire to receive recibir receber ricevere recevoir to remain quedar(se) ficar rimanere* rester to remember recordar* lembrar(-se) recordare rappeler acordarse* to remove remover/quitar remover spostare enlever to repair reparar consertar riparare réparer to reply responder responder rispondere répondre contestar to resist resistir resistir opporsi* résister to rotate (hacer) girar (fazer) girar far girare* tourner to run correr correr correre* courir to say decir* dizer dire dire to search buscar buscar cercare* chercher to see ver* ver vedere* voir to sell vender vender vendere vendre to send enviar/mandar enviar/mandar spedire/inviare envoyer to separate separar separar separare séparer to shout gritar gritar/berrar gridare/urlare crier strillare to shrink encogerse* encolher(-se) restringersi* rétrécir to show mostrar* mostrar mostrare montrer to sing cantar cantar cantare chanter to sit sentarse sentar-se sedere s'asseoir to skip brincar/saltar saltar omettere* sauter to sleep dormir* dormir dormire dormir to smell oler* cheirar odorare sentir to smile sonreír sorrir sorridere sourire to sneeze estornudar espirrar starnutire éternuer to speak hablar falar parlare parler to spend gastar* gastar spendere* dépenser to stand estar de pie estar em pé stare in piedi* être debout levantarse levantar-se to stay quedar(se) ficar stare* rester to stop detener*/parar parar/deter smettere* arrêter to study estudiar estudar studiare etudier to succeed tener éxito ter êxito riuscire* réussir to swallow tragar engolir/tragar inghiottire avaler to swear jurar* jurar giurare jurer to swim nadar* nadar nuotare nager to take tomar* tomar prendere* prendre to take off despegar decolar salire* décoller to taste gustar gostar assaggiare goûter to teach enseñar ensinar insegnare enseigner to tell contar/decir* contar/dizer raccontare raconter to tend (to) tender (a) tender (a) tendere (a) to think pensar* pensar pensare penser to throw echar*/lanzar* jogar/atirar gettare jeter arrojar lançar lanciare lancer to touch tocar/palpar tocar toccare toucher to translate traducir traduzir tradurre* traduire to travel viajar viajar viaggare voyager to try probar tentar tentare/provare essayer to turn volver/tornear voltar voltare tourner to understand comprender entender capire* comprendre entender* compreender comprendere* to unite unir unir unire unir to use usar usar usare utiliser to visit visitar visitar visitare visiter to vote votar votar votare voter to wait esperar esperar aspettare attendre to wake despertar acordar svegliare (r)éveiller to wake up despertarse acordar-se svegliarsi se réveiller to walk andar*/caminar andar camminare marcher to want querer* querer volere* vouloir to wash lavar lavar lavare laver to wear llevar usar vestire porter to win gañar ganhar vincere* gagner guadagnare to wish desear desejar desiderare désirer to work trabajar trabalhar lavorare travailler to worry (pre)ocupar(se) preocupar(-se) se faire des soucis inquietar(se) inquietar to wound herir ferir ferire blesser to write escribir* escrever scrivere* écrire ----------------- STATUS & CONTENTS ----------------- Status of completion of this document: completed? verified? Introduction yes n/a License yes n/a Personal Pronouns yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Object Pronouns yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Indirect Object Pronouns yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Prepositional Pronouns yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Definite Articles yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Indefinite Articles yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Partitive Articles yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Noun Gender yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Plural Nouns yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Adjectives yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Adverbs yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Degrees of Comparison yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Comparisons of equality ~ yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Possessive Adjectives yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Possessive Pronouns yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Demonstrative Adjectives yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Demonstrative Pronouns yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Interrogative Pronouns yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Interrogative Adjectives yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Regular Verbs yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Imperfect vs Preterit Tense almost, lacks examples yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Auxiliary Verbs yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Compound Tenses 50%, lacks tenses yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Estar vs Ser yes yes, Miguél Angel Lopera Molero (Semi) Irregular Verbs almost, lacks yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) translation of PT verbs Relative Pronouns no (to start yet) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Conditional Sentences no (to start yet) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Passive Sentences no (to start yet) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Prepositions yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Conjunctions yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Commonly Used Exclamations yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Commonly Used Adverbs yes yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) Commonly Used Adjectives nearly, still has some yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) gaps Commonly Used Verbs nearly, still has some yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) gaps ------- CREDITS ------- This document is made by Maarten van Gompel (Proycon), assisted by: ES: Miguél Angel Lopera Molero (rashd) PT: IT: Annemarie FR: Annemarie Created with GNU Emacs 20.7.1, yudit, nedit and gedit on a linux system Character Encoding: UTF-8 (Unicode) Made by Maarten van Gompel as part of the Languages Made Clear Project and UniLang Community Feel free to distribute and modify for NON-COMMERCIAL purpouses. (see LICENSE section)